Method for transmitting and receiving signals, and apparatus for supporting same in wireless communication system

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for supporting same, the method carried out by a terminal in a wireless communication system comprising the steps of: receiving a synchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) block comprising a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH); receiving system information on the basis of the SS/PBCH block; receiving information associated with a positioning reference signal (PRS) sequence identifier (ID) after receiving the system information; and receiving a PRS associated with the PRS sequence ID, wherein a pseudo-random sequence generator associated with sequence generation of a PRS is initialized by (I) where M is a natural number, K is the number of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols per slot, (II) is a slot index, (III) is an OFDM symbol index within the slot, (IV) is the PRS sequence ID, and mod is a modulo calculation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371of International Application No. PCT/KR2020/005903, filed on May 4,2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/909,764, filed on Oct. 2, 2019, and Korean Application No.10-2019-0051797, filed on May 2, 2019. The disclosures of the priorapplications are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a wirelesscommunication system.

BACKGROUND ART

Wireless access systems have been widely deployed to provide varioustypes of communication services such as voice or data. In general, awireless access system is a multiple access system that supportscommunication of multiple users by sharing available system resources (abandwidth, transmission power, etc.) among them. For example, multipleaccess systems include a code division multiple access (CDMA) system, afrequency division multiple access (FDMA) system, a time divisionmultiple access (TDMA) system, an orthogonal frequency division multipleaccess (OFDMA) system, and a single carrier frequency division multipleaccess (SC-FDMA) system.

As a number of communication devices have required higher communicationcapacity, the necessity of the mobile broadband communication muchimproved than the existing radio access technology (RAT) has increased.In addition, massive machine type communications (MTC) capable ofproviding various services at anytime and anywhere by connecting anumber of devices or things to each other has been considered in thenext generation communication system. Moreover, a communication systemdesign capable of supporting services/UEs sensitive to reliability andlatency has been discussed.

As described above, the introduction of the next generation RATconsidering the enhanced mobile broadband communication, massive MTC,ultra-reliable and low latency communication (URLLC), and the like hasbeen discussed.

DISCLOSURE Technical Problem

Various embodiments of the present disclosure may provide a method oftransmitting and receiving a signal in a wireless communication systemand apparatus for supporting the same.

According to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, apositioning method in a wireless communication system and apparatus forsupporting the same may be provided.

According to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, a methodof generating/obtaining/transmitting and receiving a positioningreference signal (PRS) in a wireless communication system and apparatusfor supporting the same may be provided.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the objectsthat could be achieved with the present disclosure are not limited towhat has been particularly described hereinabove and the above and otherobjects that the present disclosure could achieve will be more clearlyunderstood from the following detailed description.

Technical Solution

Various embodiments of the present disclosure may provide a method oftransmitting and receiving a signal in a wireless communication systemand apparatus for supporting the same.

According to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, a methodperformed by a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication systemmay be provided.

In an exemplary embodiment, the method may include: receiving asynchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) blockincluding a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondarysynchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH);receiving system information based on the SS/PBCH block; receivinginformation related to a positioning reference signal (PRS) sequenceidentifier (ID) after the reception of the system information; andreceiving a PRS related to the PRS sequence ID.

In an exemplary embodiment, a pseudo-random sequence generator relatedto sequence generation of the PRS may be initialized according to thefollowing equation:

$c_{init} = {\left( {{2^{{31} - {({M - 10})}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{K \cdot n_{s}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2 \cdot \left( {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024} \right)} + 1} \right)} + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024}} \right){mod}{2^{31}.}}$

In an exemplary embodiment, M may be a natural number, K may be a numberof orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols per slot,n_(s) may be a slot index, l may be an OFDM symbol index within a slot,N^(RS) _(ID) may be the PRS sequence ID, and mod may be a modularoperation.

In an exemplary embodiment, N^(RS) _(ID) may be configured by a higherlayer.

In an exemplary embodiment, the following relationship: N^(RS) _(ID)∈{0, 1, . . . , 2¹⁹⁻¹} may be satisfied.

In an exemplary embodiment, M may be a natural number greater than 10and smaller than 31.

In an exemplary embodiment, M may be 19.

In an exemplary embodiment, a sequence of the PRS may satisfy a valueobtained from a predetermined length-31 Gold sequence.

In an exemplary embodiment, the method may further include: receivingconfiguration information including: (i) information on a PRS resource;(ii) information on a PRS resource set including the PRS resource; and(iii) information on a transmission and reception point (TRP) ID.

In an exemplary embodiment, the PRS may be received based on theconfiguration information

According to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, anapparatus in a wireless communication system may be provided.

In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus may include: a memory; and atleast one processor coupled with the memory.

In an exemplary embodiment, the at least one processor may be configuredto: receive an SS/PBCH block including a PSS, an SSS, and a PBCH;receive system information based on the SS/PBCH block; receiveinformation related to a PRS sequence ID after the reception of thesystem information; and receive a PRS related to the PRS sequence ID.

In an exemplary embodiment, a pseudo-random sequence generator relatedto sequence generation of the PRS may be initialized according to thefollowing equation:

$c_{init} = {\left( {{2^{{31} - {({M - 10})}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{K \cdot n_{s}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2 \cdot \left( {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024} \right)} + 1} \right)} + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024}} \right){mod}{2^{31}.}}$

In an exemplary embodiment, M may be a natural number, K may be a numberof OFDM symbols per slot, n_(s) may be a slot index, l may be an OFDMsymbol index within a slot, N^(RS) _(ID) may be the PRS sequence ID, andmod may be a modular operation.

In an exemplary embodiment, N^(RS) _(ID) may be configured by a higherlayer.

In an exemplary embodiment, the following relationship: N^(RS) _(ID)∈{0, 1, . . . , 2¹⁹⁻¹} may be satisfied.

In an exemplary embodiment, M may be 19.

In an exemplary embodiment, a sequence of the PRS may satisfy a valueobtained from a predetermined length-31 Gold sequence.

In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus may be configured tocommunicate with at least one of a mobile terminal, a network, or anautonomous driving vehicle other than a vehicle including the apparatus.

According to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, a methodperformed by an apparatus in a wireless communication system may beprovided.

In an exemplary embodiment, the method may include: transmitting anSS/PBCH block including a PSS, an SSS, and a PBCH; transmitting systeminformation after the transmission of the SS/PBCH block; transmittinginformation related to a PRS sequence ID after the transmission of thesystem information; and transmitting a PRS related to the PRS sequenceID.

In an exemplary embodiment, a pseudo-random sequence generator relatedto sequence generation of the PRS may be initialized according to thefollowing equation:

$c_{init} = {\left( {{2^{{31} - {({M - 10})}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{K \cdot n_{s}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2 \cdot \left( {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024} \right)} + 1} \right)} + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024}} \right){mod}{2^{31}.}}$

In an exemplary embodiment, M may be a natural number, K may be a numberof OFDM symbols per slot, n_(s) may be a slot index, l may be an OFDMsymbol index within a slot, N^(RS) _(ID) may be the PRS sequence ID, andmod may be a modular operation.

According to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, anapparatus in a wireless communication system may be provided.

In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus may include: a memory; and atleast one processor coupled with the memory.

In an exemplary embodiment, the at least one processor may be configuredto: transmit an SS/PBCH block including a PSS, an SSS, and a PBCH;transmit system information after the transmission of the SS/PBCH block;transmit information related to a PRS sequence ID after the transmissionof the system information; and transmit a PRS related to the PRSsequence ID.

In an exemplary embodiment, a pseudo-random sequence generator relatedto sequence generation of the PRS may be initialized according to thefollowing equation:

$c_{init} = {\left( {{2^{{31} - {({M - 10})}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{K \cdot n_{s}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2 \cdot \left( {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024} \right)} + 1} \right)} + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024}} \right){mod}{2^{31}.}}$

In an exemplary embodiment, M may be a natural number, K may be a numberof OFDM symbols per slot, n_(s) may be a slot index, l may be an OFDMsymbol index within a slot, N^(RS) _(ID) may be the PRS sequence ID, andmod may be a modular operation.

According to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, anapparatus in a wireless communication system may be provided.

In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus may include: at least oneprocessor; and at least one memory configured to store at least oneinstruction that causes the at least one processor to perform a method.

In an exemplary embodiment, the method may include: receiving an SS/PBCHblock including a PSS, an SSS, and a PBCH; receiving system informationbased on the SS/PBCH block; receiving information related to a PRSsequence ID after the reception of the system information; and receivinga PRS related to the PRS sequence ID.

In an exemplary embodiment, a pseudo-random sequence generator relatedto sequence generation of the PRS may be initialized according to thefollowing equation:

$\left. {c_{init} = {{2^{{31} - {({M - 10}}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{K \cdot n_{s}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2 \cdot \left( {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024} \right)} + 1} \right)} + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}1024}}} \right){mod}{2^{31}.}$

In an exemplary embodiment, M may be a natural number, K may be a numberof OFDM symbols per slot, n_(s) may be a slot index, l may be an OFDMsymbol index within a slot, N^(RS) _(ID) may be the PRS sequence ID, andmod may be a modular operation.

According to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, aprocessor-readable medium configured to store at least one instructionthat causes at least one processor to perform a method may be provided.

In an exemplary embodiment, the method may include: receiving an SS/PBCHblock including a PSS, an SSS, and a PBCH; receiving system informationbased on the SS/PBCH block; receiving information related to a PRSsequence ID after the reception of the system information; and receivinga PRS related to the PRS sequence ID.

In an exemplary embodiment, a pseudo-random sequence generator relatedto sequence generation of the PRS may be initialized according to thefollowing equation:

$c_{i{nit}} = {\left( {{2^{{31} - {({M - 10})}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{K \cdot n_{s}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2 \cdot \ \left( {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024} \right)} + 1} \right)} + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024}} \right){mod}{2^{31}.}}$

In an exemplary embodiment, M may be a natural number, K may be a numberof OFDM symbols per slot, n_(s) may be a slot index, l may be an OFDMsymbol index within a slot, N^(RS) _(ID) may be the PRS sequence ID, andmod may be a modular operation.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure as described above areonly some of preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, and thoseskilled in the art may derive and understand many embodiments in whichtechnical features of the various embodiments of the present disclosureare reflected based on the following detailed description.

Advantageous Effects

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, thefollowing effects may be achieved.

According to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, a methodof transmitting and receiving a signal in a wireless communicationsystem and apparatus for supporting the same may be provided.

According to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, apositioning method in a wireless communication system and apparatus forsupporting the same may be provided.

According to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, a methodof generating/obtaining/transmitting and receiving a positioningreference signal (PRS) in consideration of the characteristics of a newradio access technology or new radio (NR) system supporting variousnumerologies and apparatus for supporting the same may be provided.

According to the various embodiments of the present disclosure, a PRSgeneration/acquisition/transmission and reception method capable oflowering the implementation complexity of a user equipment (UE) when achannel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) and a PRS are usedtogether as a reference signal (RS).

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the effectsthat can be achieved with the present disclosure are not limited to whathas been particularly described hereinabove and other advantages of thepresent disclosure will be more clearly understood from the followingdetailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the various embodiments of the present disclosure,provide the various embodiments of the present disclosure together withdetail explanation. Yet, a technical characteristic the variousembodiments of the present disclosure is not limited to a specificdrawing. Characteristics disclosed in each of the drawings are combinedwith each other to configure a new embodiment. Reference numerals ineach drawing correspond to structural elements.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating physical channels and a signaltransmission method using the physical channels, which may be used invarious embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a radio frame structure in a new radioaccess technology (NR) system to which various embodiments of thepresent disclosure are applicable.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a slot structure in an NR system towhich various embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a self-contained slot structure towhich various embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a synchronization signal block (SSB)structure to which various embodiments of the present disclosure areapplicable.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary SSB transmission method towhich various embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating exemplary multi-beam transmission ofSSBs, which is applicable to various embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary method of indicating anactually transmitted SSB, SSB_tx, which is applicable to variousembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary UL-DL timing relationship,which is applicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary positioning protocolconfiguration for user equipment (UE) positioning, which is applicableto various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 illustrates exemplary mapping of a positioning reference signal(PRS) in a long term evolution (LTE) system to which various embodimentsof the present disclosure are applicable.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of an architecture of asystem for positioning a UE, to which various embodiments of the presentdisclosure are applicable.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a procedure ofpositioning a UE, to which various embodiments of the present disclosureare applicable.

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating protocol layers for supporting LTEpositioning protocol (LPP) message transmission, to which variousembodiments are applicable.

FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating protocol layers for supporting NRpositioning protocol A (NRPPa) protocol data unit (PDU) transmission, towhich various embodiments are applicable.

FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an observed time difference of arrival(OTDOA) positioning method, to which various embodiments are applicable.

FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a multi-round trip time (multi-RTT)positioning method to which various embodiments are applicable.

FIG. 18 is a simplified diagram illustrating a method of operating a UE,a transmission and reception point (TRP), a location server, and/or alocation management function (LMF) according to various embodiments.

FIG. 19 is a simplified diagram illustrating a method of operating a UE,a TRP, a location server, and/or an LMF according to variousembodiments.

FIG. 20 is a diagram schematically illustrating an operating method fora UE and/or a network node according to various embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 21 is a simplified diagram illustrating an initial network accessand subsequent communication procedure according to various embodimentsof the present disclosure.

FIG. 22 is a diagram schematically illustrating an operating method fora UE and a transmission point (TP) according to various embodiments ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 23 is a flowchart illustrating an operating method for a UEaccording to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 24 is a flowchart illustrating an operating method for a TPaccording to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 25 is a diagram illustrating devices that implement variousembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 26 illustrates an exemplary communication system to which variousembodiments of the present disclosure are applied.

FIG. 27 illustrates exemplary wireless devices to which variousembodiments of the present disclosure are applicable.

FIG. 28 illustrates other exemplary wireless devices to which variousembodiments of the present disclosure are applied.

FIG. 29 illustrates an exemplary portable device to which variousembodiments of the present disclosure are applied.

FIG. 30 illustrates an exemplary vehicle or autonomous driving vehicleto which various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 31 illustrates an exemplary vehicle to which various embodiments ofthe present disclosure are applied.

MODE FOR DISCLOSURE

The various embodiments of the present disclosure described below arecombinations of elements and features of the various embodiments of thepresent disclosure in specific forms. The elements or features may beconsidered selective unless otherwise mentioned. Each element or featuremay be practiced without being combined with other elements or features.Further, various embodiments of the present disclosure may beconstructed by combining parts of the elements and/or features.Operation orders described in various embodiments of the presentdisclosure may be rearranged. Some constructions or elements of any oneembodiment may be included in another embodiment and may be replacedwith corresponding constructions or features of another embodiment.

In the description of the attached drawings, a detailed description ofknown procedures or steps of the various embodiments of the presentdisclosure will be avoided lest it should obscure the subject matter ofthe various embodiments of the present disclosure. In addition,procedures or steps that could be understood to those skilled in the artwill not be described either.

Throughout the specification, when a certain portion “includes” or“comprises” a certain component, this indicates that other componentsare not excluded and may be further included unless otherwise noted. Theterms “unit”, “-or/er” and “module” described in the specificationindicate a unit for processing at least one function or operation, whichmay be implemented by hardware, software or a combination thereof. Inaddition, the terms “a or an”, “one”, “the” etc. may include a singularrepresentation and a plural representation in the context of the variousembodiments of the present disclosure (more particularly, in the contextof the following claims) unless indicated otherwise in the specificationor unless context clearly indicates otherwise.

In the various embodiments of the present disclosure, a description ismainly made of a data transmission and reception relationship between aBase Station (BS) and a User Equipment (UE). ABS refers to a terminalnode of a network, which directly communicates with a UE. A specificoperation described as being performed by the BS may be performed by anupper node of the BS.

Namely, it is apparent that, in a network comprised of a plurality ofnetwork nodes including a BS, various operations performed forcommunication with a UE may be performed by the BS, or network nodesother than the BS. The term ‘BS’ may be replaced with a fixed station, aNode B, an evolved Node B (eNode B or eNB), gNode B (gNB), an AdvancedBase Station (ABS), an access point, etc.

In the various embodiments of the present disclosure, the term terminalmay be replaced with a UE, a Mobile Station (MS), a Subscriber Station(SS), a Mobile Subscriber Station (MSS), a mobile terminal, an AdvancedMobile Station (AMS), etc.

A transmission end is a fixed and/or mobile node that provides a dataservice or a voice service and a reception end is a fixed and/or mobilenode that receives a data service or a voice service. Therefore, a UEmay serve as a transmission end and a BS may serve as a reception end,on an uplink (UL). Likewise, the UE may serve as a reception end and theBS may serve as a transmission end, on a downlink (DL).

Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be supported bystandard specifications disclosed for at least one of wireless accesssystems including an institute of electrical and electronics engineers(IEEE) 802.xx system, a 3^(rd) generation partnership project (3GPP)system, a 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) system, a 3GPP 5^(th)generation (5G) new RAT (NR) system, or a 3GPP2 system. In particular,various embodiments of the present disclosure may be supported bystandard specifications including 3GPP TS 36.211, 3GPP TS 36.212, 3GPPTS 36.213, 3GPP TS 36.300, 3GPP TS 36.321, 3GPP TS 36.331, 3GPP TS36.355, 3GPP TS 36.455, 3GPP TS 37.355, 3GPP TS 38.211, 3GPP TS 38.212,3GPP TS 38.213, 3GPP TS 38.214, 3GPP TS 38.215, 3GPP TS 38.300, 3GPP TS38.321, 3GPP TS 38.331, and 3GPP TS 38.455. That is, steps or partswhich are not described in various embodiments of the present disclosuremay be described with reference to the above standard specifications.Further, all terms used herein may be described by the standardspecifications.

Reference will now be made in detail to the various embodiments of thepresent disclosure with reference to the accompanying drawings. Thedetailed description, which will be given below with reference to theaccompanying drawings, is intended to explain exemplary embodiments ofthe present disclosure, rather than to show the only embodiments thatcan be implemented according to the disclosure.

The following detailed description includes specific terms in order toprovide a thorough understanding of the various embodiments of thepresent disclosure. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in theart that the specific terms may be replaced with other terms withoutdeparting the technical spirit and scope of the various embodiments ofthe present disclosure.

Hereinafter, 3GPP LTE/LTE-A systems and 3GPP NR system are explained,which are examples of wireless access systems.

The various embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied tovarious wireless access systems such as Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time DivisionMultiple Access (TDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access(OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA),etc.

CDMA may be implemented as a radio technology such as UniversalTerrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA may be implemented asa radio technology such as Global System for Mobile communications(GSM)/General packet Radio Service (GPRS)/Enhanced Data Rates for GSMEvolution (EDGE). OFDMA may be implemented as a radio technology such asIEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Evolved UTRA(E-UTRA), etc.

UTRA is a part of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).3GPP LTE is a part of Evolved UMTS (E-UMTS) using E-UTRA, adopting OFDMAfor DL and SC-FDMA for UL. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) is an evolution of 3GPPLTE.

While the various embodiments of the present disclosure are described inthe context of 3GPP LTE/LTE-A systems and 3GPP NR system in order toclarify the technical features of the various embodiments of the presentdisclosure, the various embodiments of the present disclosure are alsoapplicable to an IEEE 802.16e/m system, etc.

1. Overview of 3GPP System

1.1. Physical Channels and General Signal Transmission

In a wireless access system, a UE receives information from a basestation on a DL and transmits information to the base station on a UL.The information transmitted and received between the UE and the basestation includes general data information and various types of controlinformation. There are many physical channels according to thetypes/usages of information transmitted and received between the basestation and the UE.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating physical channels and a signaltransmission method using the physical channels, which may be used invarious embodiments of the present disclosure;

When a UE is powered on or enters a new cell, the UE performs initialcell search (S11). The initial cell search involves acquisition ofsynchronization to a BS. Specifically, the UE synchronizes its timing tothe base station and acquires information such as a cell identifier (ID)by receiving a primary synchronization channel (P-SCH) and a secondarysynchronization channel (S-SCH) from the BS.

Then the UE may acquire information broadcast in the cell by receiving aphysical broadcast channel (PBCH) from the base station.

During the initial cell search, the UE may monitor a DL channel state byreceiving a Downlink Reference Signal (DL RS).

After the initial cell search, the UE may acquire more detailed systeminformation by receiving a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) andreceiving on a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) based oninformation of the PDCCH (S12).

Subsequently, to complete connection to the eNB, the UE may perform arandom access procedure with the eNB (S13 to S16). In the random accessprocedure, the UE may transmit a preamble on a physical random accesschannel (PRACH) (S13) and may receive a PDCCH and a random accessresponse (RAR) for the preamble on a PDSCH associated with the PDCCH(S14). The UE may transmit a PUSCH by using scheduling information inthe RAR (S15), and perform a contention resolution procedure includingreception of a PDCCH signal and a PDSCH signal corresponding to thePDCCH signal (S16).

When the random access procedure is performed in two steps, steps S13and S15 may be combined into one operation for a UE transmission, andsteps S14 and S16 may be combined into one operation for a BStransmission.

After the above procedure, the UE may receive a PDCCH and/or a PDSCHfrom the BS (S17) and transmit a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)and/or a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) to the BS (S18), in ageneral UL/DL signal transmission procedure.

Control information that the UE transmits to the BS is genericallycalled uplink control information (UCI). The UCI includes a hybridautomatic repeat and request acknowledgement/negative acknowledgement(HARQ-ACK/NACK), a scheduling request (SR), a channel quality indicator(CQI), a precoding matrix index (PMI), a rank indicator (RI), etc.

In general, UCI is transmitted periodically on a PUCCH. However, ifcontrol information and traffic data should be transmittedsimultaneously, the control information and traffic data may betransmitted on a PUSCH. In addition, the UCI may be transmittedaperiodically on the PUSCH, upon receipt of a request/command from anetwork.

1.2. Radio Frame Structures

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a radio frame structure in an NR systemto which various embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable.

The NR system may support multiple numerologies. A numerology may bedefined by a subcarrier spacing (SCS) and a cyclic prefix (CP) overhead.Multiple SCSs may be derived by scaling a default SCS by an integer N(or μ). Further, even though it is assumed that a very small SCS is notused in a very high carrier frequency, a numerology to be used may beselected independently of the frequency band of a cell. Further, the NRsystem may support various frame structures according to multiplenumerologies.

Now, a description will be given of OFDM numerologies and framestructures which may be considered for the NR system. Multiple OFDMnumerologies supported by the NR system may be defined as listed inTable 1. For a bandwidth part, μ and a CP are obtained from RRCparameters provided by the BS.

TABLE 1 μ Δf = 2^(μ) · 15 [kHz] Cyclic prefix 0 15 Normal 1 30 Normal 260 Normal, Extended 3 120 Normal 4 240 Normal

In NR, multiple numerologies (e.g., SCSs) are supported to support avariety of 5G services. For example, a wide area in cellular bands issupported for an SCS of 15 kHz, a dense-urban area, a lower latency, anda wider carrier bandwidth are supported for an SCS of 30 kHz/60 kHz, anda larger bandwidth than 24.25 GHz is supported for an SCS of 60 kHz ormore, to overcome phase noise.

An NR frequency band is defined by two types of frequency ranges, FR1and FR2. FR1 may be a sub-6 GHz range, and FR2 may be an above-6 GHzrange, that is, a millimeter wave (mmWave) band.

Table 2 below defines the NR frequency band, by way of example.

TABLE 2 Frequency range Corresponding designation frequency rangeSubcarrier Spacing FR1  410 MHz-7125 MHz  15, 30, 60 kHz FR2 24250MHz-52600 MHz 60, 120, 240 kHz

Regarding a frame structure in the NR system, the time-domain sizes ofvarious fields are represented as multiples of a basic time unit for NR,T_(c)=1/(Δf_(max)*N_(f)) where Δf_(max)=480*10³ Hz and a value N_(f)related to a fast Fourier transform (FFT) size or an inverse fastFourier transform (IFFT) size is given as N_(f)=4096. T_(c) and T_(s)which is an LTE-based time unit and sampling time, given as T_(s)=1/((15kHz)*2048) are placed in the following relationship: T_(s)/T_(c)=64. DLand UL transmissions are organized into (radio) frames each having aduration of T_(f)=(Δf_(max)*N_(f)/100)*T_(c)=10 ms. Each radio frameincludes 10 subframes each having a duration ofT_(sf)=(Δf_(max)*N_(f)/1000)*T_(c)=1 ms. There may exist one set offrames for UL and one set of frames for DL. For a numerology μ, slotsare numbered with n^(μ) _(s)∈{0, . . . , N^(slot,μ) _(subframe)−1} in anincreasing order in a subframe, and with n^(μ) _(s,f)∈{0, . . . ,N^(slot,μ) _(frame)−1} in an increasing order in a radio frame. One slotincludes N^(μ) _(symb) consecutive OFDM symbols, and N^(μ) _(symb)depends on a CP. The start of a slot n^(μ) _(s) in a subframe is alignedin time with the start of an OFDM symbol n^(μ) _(s)*N^(μ) _(symb) in thesame subframe.

Table 3 lists the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots perframe, and the number of slots per subframe, for each SCS in a normal CPcase, and Table 4 lists the number of symbols per slot, the number ofslots per frame, and the number of slots per subframe, for each SCS inan extended CP case.

TABLE 3 μ N_(symb) ^(slot) N_(slot) ^(frame,μ) N_(slot) ^(subframe,μ) 014 10 1 1 14 20 2 2 14 40 4 3 14 80 8 4 14 160 16

TABLE 4 μ N_(symb) ^(slot) N_(slot) ^(frame,μ) N_(slot) ^(subframe,μ) 212 40 4

In the above tables, N^(slot) _(symb) represents the number of symbolsin a slot, N^(frame,μ) _(slot) represents the number of slots in aframe, and N^(subframe,μ) _(slot) represents the number of slots in asubframe.

In the NR system to which various embodiments of the present disclosureare applicable, different OFDM(A) numerologies (e.g., SCSs, CP lengths,and so on) may be configured for a plurality of cells which areaggregated for one UE. Accordingly, the (absolute time) period of a timeresource including the same number of symbols (e.g., a subframe (SF), aslot, or a TTI) (generically referred to as a time unit (TU), forconvenience) may be configured differently for the aggregated cells.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example with μ=2 (i.e., an SCS of 60 kHz), inwhich referring to Table 3, one subframe may include four slots. Onesubframe={1, 2, 4} slots in FIG. 2 , which is exemplary, and the numberof slot(s) which may be included in one subframe is defined as listed inTable 3 or Table 4.

Further, a mini-slot may include 2, 4 or 7 symbols, fewer symbols than2, or more symbols than 7.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a slot structure in an NR system towhich various embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable.

Referring FIG. 3 , one slot includes a plurality of symbols in the timedomain. For example, one slot includes 7 symbols in a normal CP case and6 symbols in an extended CP case.

A carrier includes a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain.An RB is defined by a plurality of (e.g., 12) consecutive subcarriers inthe frequency domain.

A bandwidth part (BWP), which is defined by a plurality of consecutive(P)RBs in the frequency domain, may correspond to one numerology (e.g.,SCS, CP length, and so on).

A carrier may include up to N (e.g., 5) BWPs. Data communication may beconducted in an activated BWP, and only one BWP may be activated for oneUE. In a resource grid, each element is referred to as an RE, to whichone complex symbol may be mapped.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a self-contained slot structure towhich various embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable.

The self-contained slot structure may refer to a slot structure in whichall of a DL control channel, DL/UL data, and a UL control channel may beincluded in one slot.

In FIG. 4 , the hatched area (e.g., symbol index=0) indicates a DLcontrol region, and the black area (e.g., symbol index=13) indicates aUL control region. The remaining area (e.g., symbol index=1 to 12) maybe used for DL or UL data transmission.

Based on this structure, a BS and a UE may sequentially perform DLtransmission and UL transmission in one slot. That is, the BS and UE maytransmit and receive not only DL data but also a UL ACK/NACK for the DLdata in one slot. Consequently, this structure may reduce a timerequired until data retransmission when a data transmission erroroccurs, thereby minimizing the latency of a final data transmission.

In this self-contained slot structure, a predetermined length of timegap is required to allow the BS and the UE to switch from transmissionmode to reception mode and vice versa. To this end, in theself-contained slot structure, some OFDM symbols at the time ofswitching from DL to UL may be configured as a guard period (GP).

While the self-contained slot structure has been described above asincluding both of a DL control region and a UL control region, thecontrol regions may selectively be included in the self-contained slotstructure. In other words, the self-contained slot structure accordingto various embodiments of the present disclosure may cover a case ofincluding only the DL control region or the UL control region as well asa case of including both of the DL control region and the UL controlregion, as illustrated in FIG. 4 .

Further, the sequence of the regions included in one slot may varyaccording to embodiments. For example, one slot may include the DLcontrol region, the DL data region, the UL control region, and the ULdata region in this order, or the UL control region, the UL data region,the DL control region, and the DL data region in this order.

A PDCCH may be transmitted in the DL control region, and a PDSCH may betransmitted in the DL data region. A PUCCH may be transmitted in the ULcontrol region, and a PUSCH may be transmitted in the UL data region.

1.3. Channel Structures

1.3.1. DL Channel Structures

The BS transmits related signals to the UE on DL channels as describedbelow, and the UE receives the related signals from the BS on the DLchannels.

1.3.1.1. Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

The PDSCH conveys DL data (e.g., DL-shared channel transport block(DL-SCH TB)) and uses a modulation scheme such as quadrature phase shiftkeying (QPSK), 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM), 64QAM, or256QAM. A TB is encoded into a codeword. The PDSCH may deliver up to twocodewords. Scrambling and modulation mapping are performed on a codewordbasis, and modulation symbols generated from each codeword are mapped toone or more layers (layer mapping). Each layer together with ademodulation reference signal (DMRS) is mapped to resources, generatedas an OFDM symbol signal, and transmitted through a correspondingantenna port.

1.3.1.2. Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)

The PDCCH may deliver downlink control information (DCI), for example,DL data scheduling information, UL data scheduling information, and soon. The PUCCH may deliver uplink control information (UCI), for example,an acknowledgement/negative acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) information forDL data, channel state information (CSI), a scheduling request (SR), andso on.

The PDCCH carries downlink control information (DCI) and is modulated inquadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). One PDCCH includes 1, 2, 4, 8, or16 control channel elements (CCEs) according to an aggregation level(AL). One CCE includes 6 resource element groups (REGs). One REG isdefined by one OFDM symbol by one (P)RB.

The PDCCH is transmitted in a control resource set (CORESET). A CORESETis defined as a set of REGs having a given numerology (e.g., SCS, CPlength, and so on). A plurality of CORESETs for one UE may overlap witheach other in the time/frequency domain. A CORESET may be configured bysystem information (e.g., a master information block (MIB)) or byUE-specific higher layer (RRC) signaling. Specifically, the number ofRBs and the number of symbols (up to 3 symbols) included in a CORESETmay be configured by higher-layer signaling.

For each CORESET, a precoder granularity in the frequency domain is setto one of the followings by higher-layer signaling:

-   -   smeared-bundle: It equals to an REG bundle size in the frequency        domain.    -   allContiguousRBs: It equals to the number of contiguous RBs in        the frequency domain within the CORESET.

The REGs of the CORESET are numbered in a time-first mapping manner.That is, the REGs are sequentially numbered in an increasing order,starting with 0 for the first OFDM symbol of the lowest-numbered RB inthe CORESET.

CCE-to-REG mapping for the CORESET may be an interleaved type or anon-interleaved type.

The UE acquires DCI delivered on a PDCCH by decoding (so-called blinddecoding) a set of PDCCH candidates. A set of PDCCH candidates decodedby a UE are defined as a PDCCH search space set. A search space set maybe a common search space (CSS) or a UE-specific search space (USS). TheUE may acquire DCI by monitoring PDCCH candidates in one or more searchspace sets configured by an MIB or higher-layer signaling. Each CORESETconfiguration is associated with one or more search space sets, and eachsearch space set is associated with one CORESET configuration. Onesearch space set is determined based on the following parameters.

-   -   controlResourceSetId: A set of control resources related to the        search space set.    -   monitoringSlotPeriodicityAndOffset: A PDCCH monitoring        periodicity (in slots) and a PDCCH monitoring offset (in slots).    -   monitoringSymbolsWithinSlot: A PDCCH monitoring pattern (e.g.,        the first symbol(s) in the CORESET) in a PDCCH monitoring slot.    -   nrofCandidates: The number of PDCCH candidates for each AL={1,        2, 4, 8, 16} (one of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8).

Table 5 lists exemplary features of the respective search space types.

TABLE 5 Search Type Space RNTI Use Case Type0-PDCCH Common SI-RNTI on aprimary cell SIB Decoding Type0A-PDCCH Common SI-RNTI on a primary cellSIB Decoding Type1-PDCCH Common RA-RNTI or TC-RNTI on a primary Msg2 ,Msg4 cell decoding in RACH Type2-PDCCH Common P-RNTI on a primary cellPaging Decoding Type3-PDCCH Common INT-RNTI, SFI.-RNTI, TPC-PUSCH- RNTI,TPC-PUCCH-RNTI, TPC-SRS- RNTI, C-RNTI , MCS-C-RNTI, or CS- RNTI ( s) UEC-RNTI , or MCS-C-RNTI , or CS- User specific Specific RNTI ( s) PDSCHdecoding

Table 6 lists exemplary DCI formats transmitted on the PDCCH.

TABLE 6 DCI format Usage 0_0 Scheduling of PUSCH in one cell 0_1Scheduling of PUSCH in one cell 1_0 Scheduling of PDSCH in one cell 1_1Scheduling of PDSCH in one cell 2_0 Notifying a group of UEs of the slotformat 2_1 Notifying a group of UEs of the PRB(s) and OFDM symbol(s)where UE may assume no transmission is intended for the UE 2_2Transmission of TPC commands for PUCCH and PUSCH 2_3 Transmission of agroup of TPC commands for SRS transmissions by one or more UEs

DCI format 0_0 may be used to schedule a TB-based (or TB-level) PUSCH,and DCI format 0_1 may be used to schedule a TB-based (or TB-level)PUSCH or a code block group (CBG)-based (or CBG-level) PUSCH. DCI format1_0 may be used to schedule a TB-based (or TB-level) PDSCH, and DCIformat 1_1 may be used to schedule a TB-based (or TB-level) PDSCH or aCBG-based (or CBG-level) PDSCH. DCI format 2_0 is used to deliverdynamic slot format information (e.g., a dynamic slot format indicator(SFI)) to the UE, and DCI format 2_1 is used to deliver DL preemptioninformation to the UE. DCI format 2_0 and/or DCI format 2_1 may bedelivered to the UEs of a group on a group common PDCCH (GC-PDCCH) whichis a PDCCH directed to a group of UEs.

1.3.2. UL Channel Structures

The UE transmits related signals on later-described UL channels to theBS, and the BS receives the related signals on the UL channels from theUE.

1.3.2.1. Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)

The PUSCH delivers UL data (e.g., a UL-shared channel transport block(UL-SCH TB)) and/or UCI, in cyclic prefix-orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (CP-OFDM) waveforms or discrete Fouriertransform-spread-orthogonal division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM)waveforms. If the PUSCH is transmitted in DFT-s-OFDM waveforms, the UEtransmits the PUSCH by applying transform precoding. For example, iftransform precoding is impossible (e.g., transform precoding isdisabled), the UE may transmit the PUSCH in CP-OFDM waveforms, and iftransform precoding is possible (e.g., transform precoding is enabled),the UE may transmit the PUSCH in CP-OFDM waveforms or DFT-s-OFDMwaveforms. The PUSCH transmission may be scheduled dynamically by a ULgrant in DCI or semi-statically by higher-layer signaling (e.g., RRCsignaling) (and/or layer 1 (L1) signaling (e.g., a PDCCH)) (a configuredgrant). The PUSCH transmission may be performed in a codebook-based ornon-codebook-based manner.

1.3.2.2. Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

The PUCCH delivers UCI, an HARQ-ACK, and/or an SR and is classified as ashort PUCCH or a long PUCCH according to the transmission duration ofthe PUCCH. Table 7 lists exemplary PUCCH formats.

TABLE 7 Length in OFDM Number PUCCH symbols of format N_(symb) ^(PUCCH)bits Usage Etc 0 1-2  ≤2 HARQ, SR Sequence selection 1 4-14 ≤2 HARQ,[SR] Sequence modulation 2 1-2  >2 HARQ, CSI, [SR] CP-OFDM 0 4-14 >2HARQ, CSI, [SR] DFT-s-OFDM (no UE multiplexing) 4 4-14 >2 HARQ, CSI,[SR] DFT-s-OFDM (Pre DFT OCC)

PUCCH format 0 conveys UCI of up to 2 bits and is mapped in asequence-based manner, for transmission. Specifically, the UE transmitsspecific UCI to the BS by transmitting one of a plurality of sequenceson a PUCCH of PUCCH format 0. Only when the UE transmits a positive SR,the UE transmits the PUCCH of PUCCH format 0 in a PUCCH resource for acorresponding SR configuration.

PUCCH format 1 conveys UCI of up to 2 bits and modulation symbols of theUCI are spread with an OCC (which is configured differently whetherfrequency hopping is performed) in the time domain. The DMRS istransmitted in a symbol in which a modulation symbol is not transmitted(i.e., transmitted in time division multiplexing (TDM)).

PUCCH format 2 conveys UCI of more than 2 bits and modulation symbols ofthe DCI are transmitted in frequency division multiplexing (FDM) withthe DMRS. The DMRS is located in symbols #1, #4, #7, and #10 of a givenRB with a density of ⅓. A pseudo noise (PN) sequence is used for a DMRSsequence. For 1-symbol PUCCH format 2, frequency hopping may beactivated.

PUCCH format 3 does not support UE multiplexing in the same PRBS, andconveys UCI of more than 2 bits. In other words, PUCCH resources ofPUCCH format 3 do not include an OCC. Modulation symbols are transmittedin TDM with the DMRS.

PUCCH format 4 supports multiplexing of up to 4 UEs in the same PRBS,and conveys UCI of more than 2 bits. In other words, PUCCH resources ofPUCCH format 3 includes an OCC. Modulation symbols are transmitted inTDM with the DMRS.

1.4. Cell Search

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a synchronization signal block (SSB)structure to which various embodiments of the present disclosure areapplicable.

The UE may perform cell search, system information acquisition, beamalignment for initial access, DL measurement, and so on based on an SSB.

Referring to FIG. 5 , the SSB includes a PSS, an SSS, and a PBCH. TheSSB includes four consecutive OFDM symbols, and the PSS, the PBCH, theSSS/PBCH, and the PBCH are transmitted in the respective OFDM symbols.Each of the PSS and the SSS includes one OFDM symbol by 127 subcarriers,and the PBCH includes three OFDM symbols by 576 subcarriers. Polarcoding and QPSK are applied to the PBCH. The PBCH includes data REs anddemodulation reference signal (DMRS) REs in every OFDM symbol. There arethree DMRS REs per RB, with three data REs between every two adjacentDMRS REs.

Cell search is a process of acquiring time/frequency synchronizationwith a cell and detecting the identifier (ID) (e.g., physical cell ID(PCID)) of the cell. The PSS is used to detect a cell ID in a cell IDgroup, and the SSS is used to detect the cell ID group. The PBCH is usedto detect an SSB (time) index and a half-frame.

The cell search process of the UE may be summarized in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Type of Signals Operations 1^(st) PSS * SS/PBCH block (SSB)symbol timing step acquisition * Cell ID detection within a cell IDgroup (3 hypothesis) 2^(nd) SSS * Cell ID group detection (336hypothesis) Step 3^(rd) PBCH DMRS * SSB index and Half frame (HF) indexStep (Slot and frame boundary detection) 4^(th) * Time in (80 ms, SystemFrame Step PBCH Number (SFN), SSB index, HF) * Remaining Minimum SystemInformation (RMSI) Control resource set (CORESET)/Search spaceconfiguration 5^(th) PDCCH and * Cell access information Step PDSCH *RACH configuration

There may be 336 cell ID groups, each including three cell IDs. Theremay be 1008 cell IDs in total. Information about a cell ID group towhich the cell ID of a cell belongs may be provided/obtained through theSSS of the cell, and information about the cell ID among 336 cells inthe cell ID may be provided/obtained through the PSS.

FIG. 6 is an exemplary SSB transmission method to which variousembodiments of the present disclosure are applicable.

Referring to FIG. 6 , an SSB is periodically transmitted according to anSSB periodicity. A basic SSB periodicity assumed by the UE in theinitial cell search is defined as 20 ms. After cell access, the SSBperiodicity may be set to one of {5 ms, 10 ms, 20 ms, 40 ms, 80 ms, 160ms} by the network (e.g., the BS). An SSB burst set is configured at thebeginning of an SSB period. The SSB burst set may be configured in a5-ms time window (i.e., half-frame), and an SSB may be repeatedlytransmitted up to L times within the SS burst set. The maximum number Lof transmissions of the SSB may be given according to the frequency bandof a carrier as follows. One slot includes up to two SSBs.

For frequency range up to 3 GHz, L=4

For frequency range from 3 GHz to 6 GHz, L=8

For frequency range from 6 GHz to 52.6 GHz, L=64

The time position of an SSB candidate in the SS burst set may be definedaccording to an SCS as follows. The time positions of SSB candidates areindexed as (SSB indexes) 0 to L−1 in temporal order within the SSB burstset (i.e., half-frame).

-   -   Case A: 15-kHz SCS: The indexes of the first symbols of        candidate SSBs are given as {2, 8}+14*n where n=0, 1 for a        carrier frequency equal to or lower than 3 GHz, and n=0, 1, 2, 3        for a carrier frequency of 3 GHz to 6 GHz.    -   Case B: 30-kHz SCS: The indexes of the first symbols of        candidate SSBs are given as {4, 8, 16, 20}+28*n where n=0 for a        carrier frequency equal to or lower than 3 GHz, and n=0, 1 for a        carrier frequency of 3 GHz to 6 GHz.    -   Case C: 30-kHz SCS: The indexes of the first symbols of        candidate SSBs are given as {2, 8}+14*n where n=0, 1 for a        carrier frequency equal to or lower than 3 GHz, and n=0, 1, 2, 3        for a carrier frequency of 3 GHz to 6 GHz.    -   Case D: 120-kHz SCS: The indexes of the first symbols of        candidate SSBs are given as {4, 8, 16, 20}+28*n where n=0, 1, 2,        3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 for a carrier        frequency above 6 GHz.    -   Case E: 240-kHz SCS: The indexes of the first symbols of        candidate SSBs are given as {8, 12, 16, 20, 32, 36, 40, 44}+56*n        where n=0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 for a carrier frequency above 6        GHz.

1.5. Beam Alignment

FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary multi-beam transmission of SSBs, which isapplicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Beam sweeping refers to changing the beam (direction) of a wirelesssignal over time at a transmission reception point (TRP) (e.g., aBS/cell) (hereinafter, the terms beam and beam direction areinterchangeably used). An SSB may be transmitted periodically by beamsweeping. In this case, SSB indexes are implicitly linked to SSB beams.An SSB beam may be changed on an SSB (index) basis or on an SSB (index)group basis. In the latter case, the same SSB beam is maintained in anSSB (index) group. That is, the transmission (Tx) beam direction of anSSB is repeated over a plurality of successive SSBs. A maximum allowedtransmission number L for an SSB in an SSB burst set is 4, 8 or 64according to the frequency band of a carrier. Accordingly, a maximumnumber of SSB beams in the SSB burst set may also be given according tothe frequency band of a carrier as follows.

-   -   For frequency range up to 3 GHz, Max number of beams=4    -   For frequency range from 3 GHz to 6 GHz, Max number of beams=8    -   For frequency range from 6 GHz to 52.6 GHz, Max number of        beams=64

Without multi-beam transmission, the number of SSB beams is 1.

When the UE attempts initial access to the BS, the UE may align beamswith the BS based on an SSB. For example, the UE detects SSBs and thenidentifies the best SSB. Subsequently, the UE may transmit an RACHpreamble in a PRACH resource linked/corresponding to the index (i.e.,beam) of the best SSB. The SSB may also be used for beam alignmentbetween the BS and the UE even after the initial access.

1.6. Channel Measurement and Rate-Matching

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary method of indicating anactually transmitted SSB, SSB_tx, which is applicable to variousembodiments of the present disclosure.

Up to L SSBs may be transmitted in an SSB burst set, and thenumber/positions of actually transmitted SSBs may be different for eachBS/cell. The number/positions of actually transmitted SSBs are used forrate-matching and measurement, and information about the actuallytransmitted SSBs is indicated as follows.

-   -   Rate-matching-related: The information may be indicated by        UE-specific RRC signaling or RMSI. The UE-specific RRC signaling        includes full bitmaps (e.g., of length L) for FR1 and FR2. The        RMSI includes a full bitmap for FR1 and a compressed bitmap for        FR2 as illustrated. Specifically, the information about actually        transmitted SSBs may be indicated by a group bitmap (8 bits)+an        in-group bitmap (8 bits). Resources (e.g., REs) indicated by the        UE-specific RRC signaling or the RMSI may be reserved for SSB        transmission, and a PDSCH/PUSCH may be rate-matched in        consideration of the SSB resources.    -   Measurement-related: In RRC connected mode, the network (e.g.,        the BS) may indicate an SSB set to be measured within a        measurement period. An SSB set may be indicated on a frequency        layer basis. In the absence of an indication related to an SSB        set, a default SSB set is used. The default SSB set includes all        SSBs within a measurement period. The SSB set may be indicated        by a full bitmap (e.g., of length L) of RRC signaling. In RRC        idle mode, the default SSB set is used.

1.7. QCL (Quasi Co-Located or Quasi Co-Location)

The UE may receive a list of up to M TCI-State configurations to decodea PDSCH according to a detected PDCCH carrying DCI intended for the UEand a given cell. M depends on a UE capability.

Each TCI-State includes a parameter for establishing a QCL relationshipbetween one or two DL RSs and a PDSCH DMRS port. The QCL relationship isestablished with an RRC parameter qcl-Type1 for a first DL RS and an RRCparameter qcl-Type2 for a second DL RS (if configured).

The QCL type of each DL RS is given by a parameter ‘gel-Type’ includedin QCL-Info, and may have one of the following values.

-   -   ‘QCL-TypeA’: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay,        delay spread}    -   ‘QCL-TypeB’: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread}    -   ‘QCL-TypeC’: {Doppler shift, average delay}    -   ‘QCL-TypeD’: {Spatial Rx parameter}

For example, when a target antenna port is for a specific NZP CSI-RS,corresponding NZP CSI-RS antenna ports may be indicated/configured asQCLed with a specific TRS from the perspective of QCL-Type A and with aspecific SSB from the perspective of QCL-Type D. Upon receipt of thisindication/configuration, the UE may receive the NZP CSI-RS using aDoppler value and a delay value which are measured in a QCL-TypeA TRS,and apply an Rx beam used to receive a QCL-Type D SSB for reception ofthe NZP CSI-RS.

1.8. UL-DL Timing Relationship

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary UL-DL timing relationshipapplicable to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 9 , a UE starts to transmit UL frame iT_(TA)=(N_(TA)+N_(TA,offset))T_(c) seconds before transmission of a DLradio frame corresponding to UL radio frame i. However, T_(TA)=0 isexceptionally used for msgA transmission on a PUSCH.

Each parameter may be defined as described in Table 9 below.

TABLE 9 N_(TA) In case of random access response, a timing advancecommand [11, TS 38.321], T_(A), for a TAG indicates N_(TA) values byindex values of' T_(A) = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 3846, where an amount of thetime alignment for the TAG with SCS of 2^(μ) · 15 kHz is N_(TA) = T_(A)· 16 · 64/2^(μ) . N_(TA) is defined in [4, TS 38.211] and is relative tothe SCS of the first uplink transmission from the UE after the receptionof the random access response. In other cases, a timing advance command[11, TS 38.321], T_(A), for a TAG indicates adjustment of a currentN_(TA) value, N_(TA)_old, to the new N_(TA) value, N_(TA)_new, by indexvalues of T_(A) = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 63, where for a SCS of 2^(μ) · 15kHz, N_(TA)_new = N_(TA)_old + (T_(A) − 31) · 16 · 64/2^(μ) .N_(TA.offset) Frequency range and band of cell used for uplinktransmission N_(TA offset) (Unit: T_(c)) FRI FDD band without LTE-NRcoexistence case or 25600 (Note 1) FRI TDD band without LTE-NRcoexistence case FRI FDD band with LTE-NR coexistence case   0 (Note 1)FRI TDD band with LTE-NR coexistence case 39936 (Note 1) FR2 13792 T_(c)= 0.509 ns (Note 1): The UE identifies N_(TA offset) based on theinfornation n-TimingAdvanceOffset as specified in TS 38.331 [2], If UEis not provided with the information n-TimingAdvanceOffset, the defaultvalue of N_(TA offset) is set as 25600 for FRI band. In case of multipleUL carriers in the same TAG. UE expects that the same value ofn-TimingAdvanceOffset is provided for all the UL carriers according toclause 4.2 in TS 38.213 [3] and the value 39936 of N_(TA offset) canalso he provided for a FDD serving cell. Note 2: Void

2. Positioning

Positioning may be a process of determining the geographical locationand/or speed of a UE based on the measurement of a radio signal. Aclient (e.g., application) related to the UE may request locationinformation, and the location information may be reported to the client.The location information may be included in a core network or requestedby the client connected to the core network. The location informationmay be reported in a standard format such as cell-based or geographicalcoordinates. Herein, an estimation error of the location and speed ofthe UE and/or a positioning method used for the positioning may also bereported.

2.1. Positioning Protocol Configuration

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary positioning protocolconfiguration for UE positioning, to which various embodiments of thepresent disclosure are applicable.

Referring to FIG. 10 , an LTE positioning protocol (LPP) may be used asa point-to-point protocol between a location server (E-SMLC and/or SLPand/or LMF) and a target device (UE and/or SET) in order to position atarget device based on positioning-related measurements obtained fromone or more reference sources. The target device and the location servermay exchange measurements and/or location information based on signal Aand/or signal B through the LPP.

NR positioning protocol A (NRPPa) may be used for exchanging informationbetween a reference source (access node and/or BS and/or TP and/orNG-RAN node) and a location server.

NRPPa may provide the following functions:

-   -   E-CID Location Information Transfer. This function allows        exchange of location information between a reference source and        an LMF, for the purpose of E-CID positioning.    -   OTDOA Information Transfer. This function allows exchange of        information between the reference source and the LMF for the        purpose of OTDOA positioning.    -   Reporting of General Error Situations. This function allows        reporting of general error situations, for which function        specific error messages have not been defined.

2.2. PRS in LTE System

For such positioning, a positioning reference signal (PRS) may be used.The PRS is a reference signal used to estimate the position of the UE.

For example, in the LTE system, the PRS may be transmitted only in a DLsubframe configured for PRS transmission (hereinafter, “positioningsubframe”). If both a multimedia broadcast single frequency network(MBSFN) subframe and a non-MBSFN subframe are configured as positioningsubframes, OFDM symbols of the MBSFN subframe should have the samecyclic prefix (CP) as subframe #0. If only MBSFN subframes areconfigured as the positioning subframes within a cell, OFDM symbolsconfigured for the PRS in the MBSFN subframes may have an extended CP.

The sequence of the PRS may be defined by Equation 1 below.

$\begin{matrix} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}1} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$${{r_{l,n_{s}}(m)} = {{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left( {1 - {2 \cdot {c\left( {2m} \right)}}} \right)} + {j\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left( {1 - {2 \cdot {c\left( {{2m} + 1} \right)}}} \right)}}},{m = 0},1,\ldots,{{2N_{RB}^{\max,{DL}}} - 1}$

In Equation 1, n s denotes a slot number in a radio frame and 1 denotesan OFDM symbol number in a slot. N^(max,DL) _(RB) is the largest of DLbandwidth configurations, expressed as N^(RB) _(SC). N^(RB) _(SC)denotes the size of an RB in the frequency domain, for example, 12subcarriers.

c(i) denotes a pseudo-random sequence and may be initialized by Equation2 below.c _(init)=2²⁸ ·└N ^(PRS) _(ID)/512┘2¹⁰·7·(n _(s)+1)+l+1)·(2·(N ^(PRS)_(ID) mod 512)+1)+2·(N ^(PRS) _(ID) mod 512)+N _(CP)  [Equation 2]

Unless additionally configured by higher layers, N^(PRS) _(ID) is equalto N^(cell) _(ID), and N_(CP) is 1 for a normal CP and 0 for an extendedCP.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary pattern to which a PRS is mapped in asubframe.

As illustrated in FIG. 11 , the PRS may be transmitted through anantenna port 6. FIG. 11(a) illustrates mapping of the PRS in the normalCP and FIG. 11(b) illustrates mapping of the PRS in the extended CP.

The PRS may be transmitted in consecutive subframes grouped for positionestimation. The subframes grouped for position estimation are referredto as a positioning occasion. The positioning occasion may consist of 1,2, 4 or 6 subframe. The positioning occasion may occur periodically witha periodicity of 160, 320, 640 or 1280 subframes. A cell-specificsubframe offset value may be defined to indicate the starting subframeof PRS transmission. The offset value and the periodicity of thepositioning occasion for PRS transmission may be derived from a PRSconfiguration index as listed in Table 10 below.

TABLE 10 PRS configuration PRS periodicity PRS subframe offset Index(I_(PRS)) (subframes) (subframes)  0~159 160 I_(PRS) 160~479 320I_(PRS)-160  480~1119 640 I_(PRS)-480 1120~2399 1280 I_(PRS)-11202400~2404 5 I_(PRS)-2400 2405~2414 10 I_(PRS)-2405 2415~2434 20I_(PRS)-2415 2435~2474 40 I_(PRS)-2435 2475~2554 80 I_(PRS)-24752555~4095 Reserved

A PRS included in each positioning occasion is transmitted with constantpower. A PRS in a certain positioning occasion may be transmitted withzero power, which is referred to as PRS muting. For example, when a PRStransmitted by a serving cell is muted, the UE may easily detect a PRSof a neighbor cell.

The PRS muting configuration of a cell may be defined by a periodicmuting sequence consisting of 2, 4, 8 or 16 positioning occasions. Thatis, the periodic muting sequence may include 2, 4, 8, or 16 bitsaccording to a positioning occasion corresponding to the PRS mutingconfiguration and each bit may have a value “0” or “1”. For example, PRSmuting may be performed in a positioning occasion with a bit value of“0”.

The positioning subframe is designed as a low-interference subframe sothat no data is transmitted in the positioning subframe. Therefore, thePRS is not subjected to interference due to data transmission althoughthe PRS may interfere with PRSs of other cells.

2.3. UE Positioning Architecture in NR System

FIG. 12 illustrates architecture of a 5G system applicable topositioning of a UE connected to an NG-RAN or an E-UTRAN.

Referring to FIG. 12 , an AMF may receive a request for a locationservice associated with a particular target UE from another entity suchas a gateway mobile location center (GMLC) or the AMF itself decides toinitiate the location service on behalf of the particular target UE.Then, the AMF transmits a request for a location service to a locationmanagement function (LMF). Upon receiving the request for the locationservice, the LMF may process the request for the location service andthen returns the processing result including the estimated position ofthe UE to the AMF. In the case of a location service requested by anentity such as the GMLC other than the AMF, the AMF may transmit theprocessing result received from the LMF to this entity.

A new generation evolved-NB (ng-eNB) and a gNB are network elements ofthe NG-RAN capable of providing a measurement result for positioning.The ng-eNB and the gNB may measure radio signals for a target UE andtransmits a measurement result value to the LMF. The ng-eNB may controlseveral TPs, such as remote radio heads, or PRS-only TPs for support ofa PRS-based beacon system for E-UTRA.

The LMF is connected to an enhanced serving mobile location center(E-SMLC) which may enable the LMF to access the E-UTRAN. For example,the E-SMLC may enable the LMF to support OTDOA, which is one ofpositioning methods of the E-UTRAN, using DL measurement obtained by atarget UE through signals transmitted by eNBs and/or PRS-only TPs in theE-UTRAN.

The LMF may be connected to an SUPL location platform (SLP). The LMF maysupport and manage different location services for target UEs. The LMFmay interact with a serving ng-eNB or a serving gNB for a target UE inorder to obtain position measurement for the UE. For positioning of thetarget UE, the LMF may determine positioning methods, based on alocation service (LCS) client type, required quality of service (QoS),UE positioning capabilities, gNB positioning capabilities, and ng-eNBpositioning capabilities, and then apply these positioning methods tothe serving gNB and/or serving ng-eNB. The LMF may determine additionalinformation such as accuracy of the location estimate and velocity ofthe target UE. The SLP is a secure user plane location (SUPL) entityresponsible for positioning over a user plane.

The UE may measure the position thereof using DL RSs transmitted by theNG-RAN and the E-UTRAN. The DL RSs transmitted by the NG-RAN and theE-UTRAN to the UE may include a SS/PBCH block, a CSI-RS, and/or a PRS.Which DL RS is used to measure the position of the UE may conform toconfiguration of LMF/E-SMLC/ng-eNB/E-UTRAN etc. The position of the UEmay be measured by an RAT-independent scheme using different globalnavigation satellite systems (GNSSs), terrestrial beacon systems (TBSs),WLAN access points, Bluetooth beacons, and sensors (e.g., barometricsensors) installed in the UE. The UE may also contain LCS applicationsor access an LCS application through communication with a networkaccessed thereby or through another application contained therein. TheLCS application may include measurement and calculation functions neededto determine the position of the UE. For example, the UE may contain anindependent positioning function such as a global positioning system(GPS) and report the position thereof, independent of NG-RANtransmission. Such independently obtained positioning information may beused as assistance information of positioning information obtained fromthe network.

2.4. Operation for UE Positioning

FIG. 13 illustrates an implementation example of a network for UEpositioning.

When an AMF receives a request for a location service in the case inwhich the UE is in connection management (CM)-IDLE state, the AMF maymake a request for a network triggered service in order to establish asignaling connection with the UE and to assign a specific serving gNB orng-eNB. This operation procedure is omitted in FIG. 13 . In other words,in FIG. 13 it may be assumed that the UE is in a connected mode.However, the signaling connection may be released by an NG-RAN as aresult of signaling and data inactivity while a positioning procedure isstill ongoing.

An operation procedure of the network for UE positioning will now bedescribed in detail with reference to FIG. 9 . In step 1 a, a 5GC entitysuch as GMLC may transmit a request for a location service for measuringthe position of a target UE to a serving AMF. Here, even when the GMLCdoes not make the request for the location service, the serving AMF maydetermine the need for the location service for measuring the positionof the target UE according to step 1 b. For example, the serving AMF maydetermine that itself will perform the location service in order tomeasure the position of the UE for an emergency call.

In step 2, the AMF transfers the request for the location service to anLMF. In step 3 a, the LMF may initiate location procedures with aserving ng-eNB or a serving gNB to obtain location measurement data orlocation measurement assistance data. For example, the LMF may transmita request for location related information associated with one or moreUEs to the NG-RAN and indicate the type of necessary locationinformation and associated QoS. Then, the NG-RAN may transfer thelocation related information to the LMF in response to the request. Inthis case, when a location determination method according to the requestis an enhanced cell ID (E-CID) scheme, the NG-RAN may transferadditional location related information to the LMF in one or more NRpositioning protocol A (NRPPa) messages. Here, the “location relatedinformation” may mean all values used for location calculation such asactual location estimate information and radio measurement or locationmeasurement. Protocol used in step 3 a may be an NRPPa protocol whichwill be described later.

Additionally, in step 3 b, the LMF may initiate a location procedure forDL positioning together with the UE. For example, the LMF may transmitthe location assistance data to the UE or obtain a location estimate orlocation measurement value. For example, in step 3 b, a capabilityinformation transfer procedure may be performed. Specifically, the LMFmay transmit a request for capability information to the UE and the UEmay transmit the capability information to the LMF. Here, the capabilityinformation may include information about a positioning methodsupportable by the LFM or the UE, information about various aspects of aparticular positioning method, such as various types of assistance datafor an A-GNSS, and information about common features not specific to anyone positioning method, such as ability to handle multiple LPPtransactions. In some cases, the UE may provide the capabilityinformation to the LMF although the LMF does not transmit a request forthe capability information.

As another example, in step 3 b, a location assistance data transferprocedure may be performed. Specifically, the UE may transmit a requestfor the location assistance data to the LMF and indicate particularlocation assistance data needed to the LMF. Then, the LMF may transfercorresponding location assistance data to the UE and transfer additionalassistance data to the UE in one or more additional LTE positioningprotocol (LPP) messages. The location assistance data delivered from theLMF to the UE may be transmitted in a unicast manner. In some cases, theLMF may transfer the location assistance data and/or the additionalassistance data to the UE without receiving a request for the assistancedata from the UE.

As another example, in step 3 b, a location information transferprocedure may be performed. Specifically, the LMF may send a request forthe location (related) information associated with the UE to the UE andindicate the type of necessary location information and associated QoS.In response to the request, the UE may transfer the location relatedinformation to the LMF. Additionally, the UE may transfer additionallocation related information to the LMF in one or more LPP messages.Here, the “location related information” may mean all values used forlocation calculation such as actual location estimate information andradio measurement or location measurement. Typically, the locationrelated information may be a reference signal time difference (RSTD)value measured by the UE based on DL RSs transmitted to the UE by aplurality of NG-RANs and/or E-UTRANs. Similarly to the abovedescription, the UE may transfer the location related information to theLMF without receiving a request from the LMF.

The procedures implemented in step 3 b may be performed independentlybut may be performed consecutively. Generally, although step 3 b isperformed in order of the capability information transfer procedure, thelocation assistance data transfer procedure, and the locationinformation transfer procedure, step 3 b is not limited to such order.In other words, step 3 b is not required to occur in specific order inorder to improve flexibility in positioning. For example, the UE mayrequest the location assistance data at any time in order to perform aprevious request for location measurement made by the LMF. The LMF mayalso request location information, such as a location measurement valueor a location estimate value, at any time, in the case in which locationinformation transmitted by the UE does not satisfy required QoS.Similarly, when the UE does not perform measurement for locationestimation, the UE may transmit the capability information to the LMF atany time.

In step 3 b, when information or requests exchanged between the LMF andthe UE are erroneous, an error message may be transmitted and receivedand an abort message for aborting positioning may be transmitted andreceived.

Protocol used in step 3 b may be an LPP protocol which will be describedlater.

Step 3 b may be performed additionally after step 3 a but may beperformed instead of step 3 a.

In step 4, the LMF may provide a location service response to the AMF.The location service response may include information as to whether UEpositioning is successful and include a location estimate value of theUE. If the procedure of FIG. 9 has been initiated by step 1 a, the AMFmay transfer the location service response to a 5GC entity such as aGMLC. If the procedure of FIG. 13 has been initiated by step 1 b, theAMF may use the location service response in order to provide a locationservice related to an emergency call.

2.5. Positioning Protocol

2.5.1. LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary protocol layer used to support LPPmessage transfer between an LMF and a UE. An LPP protocol data unit(PDU) may be carried in a NAS PDU between an AMF and the UE.

Referring to FIG. 14 , LPP is terminated between a target device (e.g.,a UE in a control plane or an SUPL enabled terminal (SET) in a userplane) and a location server (e.g., an LMF in the control plane or anSLP in the user plane). LPP messages may be carried as transparent PDUscross intermediate network interfaces using appropriate protocols, suchan NGAP over an NG-C interface and NAS/RRC over LTE-Uu and NR-Uuinterfaces. LPP is intended to enable positioning for NR and LTE usingvarious positioning methods.

For example, a target device and a location server may exchange, throughLPP, capability information therebetween, assistance data forpositioning, and/or location information. The target device and thelocation server may exchange error information and/or indicate abort ofan LPP procedure, through an LPP message.

2.5.2. NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa)

FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary protocol layer used to support NRPPaPDU transfer between an LMF and an NG-RAN node.

NRPPa may be used to carry information between an NG-RAN node and anLMF. Specifically, NRPPa may carry an E-CID for measurement transferredfrom an ng-eNB to an LMF, data for support of an OTDOA positioningmethod, and a cell-ID and a cell position ID for support of an NR cellID positioning method. An AMF may route NRPPa PDUs based on a routing IDof an involved LMF over an NG-C interface without information aboutrelated NRPPa transaction.

An NRPPa procedure for location and data collection may be divided intotwo types. The first type is a UE associated procedure for transfer ofinformation about a particular UE (e.g., location measurementinformation) and the second type is a non-UE-associated procedure fortransfer of information applicable to an NG-RAN node and associated TPs(e.g., gNB/ng-eNB/TP timing information). The two types may be supportedindependently or may be supported simultaneously.

2.6. Positioning Measurement Method

Positioning methods supported in the NG-RAN may include a GNSS, anOTDOA, an E-CID, barometric sensor positioning, WLAN positioning,Bluetooth positioning, a TBS, uplink time difference of arrival (UTDOA)etc. Although any one of the positioning methods may be used for UEpositioning, two or more positioning methods may be used for UEpositioning.

2.6.1. OTDOA (Observed Time Difference of Arrival)

FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an observed time difference of arrival(OTDOA) positioning method, to which various embodiments are applicable;

The OTDOA positioning method uses time measured for DL signals receivedfrom multiple TPs including an eNB, an ng-eNB, and a PRS-only TP by theUE. The UE measures time of received DL signals using locationassistance data received from a location server. The position of the UEmay be determined based on such a measurement result and geographicalcoordinates of neighboring TPs.

The UE connected to the gNB may request measurement gaps to performOTDOA measurement from a TP. If the UE is not aware of an SFN of atleast one TP in OTDOA assistance data, the UE may use autonomous gaps toobtain an SFN of an OTDOA reference cell prior to requesting measurementgaps for performing reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurement.

Here, the RSTD may be defined as the smallest relative time differencebetween two subframe boundaries received from a reference cell and ameasurement cell. That is, the RSTD may be calculated as the relativetime difference between the start time of a subframe received from themeasurement cell and the start time of a subframe from the referencecell that is closest to the subframe received from the measurement cell.The reference cell may be selected by the UE.

For accurate OTDOA measurement, it is necessary to measure time ofarrival (ToA) of signals received from geographically distributed threeor more TPs or BSs. For example, ToA for each of TP 1, TP 2, and TP 3may be measured, and RSTD for TP 1 and TP 2, RSTD for TP 2 and TP 3, andRSTD for TP 3 and TP 1 are calculated based on three ToA values. Ageometric hyperbola is determined based on the calculated RSTD valuesand a point at which curves of the hyperbola cross may be estimated asthe position of the UE. In this case, accuracy and/or uncertainty foreach ToA measurement may occur and the estimated position of the UE maybe known as a specific range according to measurement uncertainty.

For example, RSTD for two TPs may be calculated based on Equation 3below.

$\begin{matrix}{{RSTDi}_{,1} = {\frac{\sqrt{\left( {x_{t} - x_{i}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{t} - y_{i}} \right)^{2}}}{c} - \frac{\sqrt{\left( {x_{t} - x_{1}} \right)^{2} + \left( {y_{t} - y_{1}} \right)^{2}}}{c} + \left( {T_{i} - T_{1}} \right) + \left( {n_{i} - n_{1}} \right)}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}3} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$

In Equation 3, c is the speed of light, {x_(t), y_(t)} are (unknown)coordinates of a target UE, {x_(i), y_(i)} are (known) coordinates of aTP, and {x₁, y₁} are coordinates of a reference TP (or another TP).Here, (T_(i)−T₁) is a transmission time offset between two TPs, referredto as “real time differences” (RTDs), and ni and ni are UE ToAmeasurement error values.

2.6.2. E-CID (Enhanced Cell ID)

In a cell ID (CID) positioning method, the position of the UE may bemeasured based on geographical information of a serving ng-eNB, aserving gNB, and/or a serving cell of the UE. For example, thegeographical information of the serving ng-eNB, the serving gNB, and/orthe serving cell may be acquired by paging, registration, etc.

The E-CID positioning method may use additional UE measurement and/orNG-RAN radio resources in order to improve UE location estimation inaddition to the CID positioning method. Although the E-CID positioningmethod partially may utilize the same measurement methods as ameasurement control system on an RRC protocol, additional measurementonly for UE location measurement is not generally performed. In otherwords, an additional measurement configuration or measurement controlmessage may not be provided for UE location measurement. The UE does notexpect that an additional measurement operation only for locationmeasurement will be requested and the UE may report a measurement valueobtained by generally measurable methods.

For example, the serving gNB may implement the E-CID positioning methodusing an E-UTRA measurement value provided by the UE.

Measurement elements usable for E-CID positioning may be, for example,as follows.

-   -   UE measurement: E-UTRA reference signal received power (RSRP),        E-UTRA reference signal received quality (RSRQ), UE E-UTRA        reception (Rx)-transmission (Tx) time difference, GERAN/WLAN        reference signal strength indication (RSSI), UTRAN common pilot        channel (CPICH) received signal code power (RSCP), and/or UTRAN        CPICH Ec/Io    -   E-UTRAN measurement: ng-eNB Rx-Tx time difference, timing        advance (T_(ADV)), and/or AoA

Here, T_(ADV) may be divided into Type 1 and Type 2 as follows.T _(ADV) Type 1=(ng-eNB Rx-Tx time difference)+(UE E-UTRA Rx-Tx timedifference)T _(ADV) Type 2=ng-eNB Rx-Tx time difference

AoA may be used to measure the direction of the UE. AoA is defined asthe estimated angle of the UE counterclockwise from the eNB/TP. In thiscase, a geographical reference direction may be north. The eNB/TP mayuse a UL signal such as an SRS and/or a DMRS for AoA measurement. Theaccuracy of measurement of AoA increases as the arrangement of anantenna array increases. When antenna arrays are arranged at the sameinterval, signals received at adjacent antenna elements may haveconstant phase rotate.

2.6.3. UTDOA (Uplink Time Difference of Arrival)

UTDOA is to determine the position of the UE by estimating the arrivaltime of an SRS. When an estimated SRS arrival time is calculated, aserving cell is used as a reference cell and the position of the UE maybe estimated by the arrival time difference with another cell (or aneNB/TP). To implement UTDOA, an E-SMLC may indicate the serving cell ofa target UE in order to indicate SRS transmission to the target UE. TheE-SMLC may provide configurations such as periodic/non-periodic SRS,bandwidth, and frequency/group/sequence hopping.

2.6.4. Multi RTT (Multi-Cell RTT)

Compared to OTDOA positioning requiring fine synchronization (e.g., atthe nano-second level) between TPs in the network, RTT positioningrequires only coarse timing TRP (e.g., BS) synchronization although itis based on TOA measurements like OTDOA positioning.

FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary multi-RTT positioningmethod to which various embodiments of the present disclosure areapplicable.

Referring to FIG. 17(a), an RTT process is illustrated, in which aninitiating device and a responding device perform TOA measurement, andthe responding device provides a TOA measurement to the initiatingdevice, for RTT measurement (calculation). For example, the initiatingdevice may be a TRP and/or a UE, and the responding device may be a UEand/or a TRP.

In operation 1701 according to an exemplary embodiment, the initiatingdevice may transmit an RTT measurement request, and the respondingdevice may receive the RTT measurement request.

In operation 1703 according to an exemplary embodiment, the initiatingdevice may transmit an RTT measurement signal at time to, and theresponding device may obtain TOA measurement t₁.

In operation 1705 according to an exemplary embodiment, the respondingdevice may transmit an RTT measurement signal at time t₂, and theinitiating device may obtain TOA measurement t₃.

In operation 1707 according to an exemplary embodiment, the respondingdevice may transmit information about [t₂−t₁], and the initiating devicemay receive the corresponding information and calculate an RTT based onEquation 4 below. The corresponding information may be transmitted andreceived by a separate signal or in the RTT measurement signal ofoperation 1705.RTT=t ₃ −t ₀ −[t ₂ −t ₁]  [Equation 4]

Referring to FIG. 17(b), an RTT may correspond to a double-rangemeasurement between two devices. Positioning estimation may be performedfrom the corresponding information, and multilateration may be used forthe positioning estimation. d₁, d₂, and d₃ may be determined based onthe measured RTT, and the location of a target device may be determinedto be the intersection of the circumferences of circles with radiuses ofd₁, d₂, and d₃, in which BS₁, BS₂, and BS₃ (or TRPs) are centered,respectively.

3. Various Embodiments of the Present Disclosure

Various embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below indetail based on the above-described technical idea. Clause 1 and clause2 may be applied to the various embodiments of the present disclosure.For example, operations, functions, and terms which are not defined inthe various embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed anddescribed based on clause 1 and clause 2.

Symbol/abbreviations/terms used in the following description of variousembodiments of the present disclosure are described below.

-   -   CSI-RS: channel state information reference signal    -   CP: cyclic prefix    -   LMF: location management function    -   PRS: positioning reference signal    -   PRS block: A PRS block may include PRS resources and/or PRS        resource sets transmitted from a specific TP/BS and/or a        plurality of TPs/BSs on a specific TX beam. The PRS block may        mean a transmission unit for transmitting a PRS over one or more        symbols.    -   PRS occasion: A PRS occasion may be defined/configured as a        group of one or more PRS blocks and/or a group of one or more        slots in which a PRS is transmitted.    -   RE: resource element    -   RS: reference signal    -   TRP: transmission reception point (TP: transmission point)    -   └x┘: This denotes floor (x), and more particularly, a floor        operation or floor number of x. It may mean the maximum integer        less than or equal to a real number x.

Unless otherwise specified, factors/variables/parameters denoted by thesame characters in the following description of various embodiments ofthe present disclosure may be understood as factors/variables/parameterswith the same definition.

As many communication devices require higher communication traffic astime flows, a next-generation fifth-generation (5G) system, which is awireless broadband communication system enhanced over the LTE system, isrequired. This next-generation 5G system is called new RAT (NR) forconvenience.

Unlike LTE, NR may support multiple numerologies to support variousservices. For example, NR may support various subcarrier spacings(SCSs). Considering the difference between LTE and NR, a new referencesignal (RS) generation method may be required in NR.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure may relate to a method andapparatus for (scrambling) sequence initialization of an RS for wirelesscommunication.

For example, various embodiments of the present disclosure may relate toa method and apparatus for initializing a sequence so that a specific TPthat transmits an RS is capable of being identified, unlike methods usedin LTE.

For example, various embodiments of the present disclosure may relate toa method and apparatus for PRS sequence initialization.

FIG. 18 is a simplified diagram illustrating a method of operating a UE,a TRP, a location server, and/or an LMF according to various embodimentsof the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 18 , the location server and/or the LMF may transmitconfiguration information to the UE, and the UE may receive theconfiguration information, in operation 1801 according to an exemplaryembodiment.

In operation 1803 according to an exemplary embodiment, the locationserver and/or the LMF may transmit reference configuration informationto the TRP, and the TRP may receive the reference configurationinformation. In operation 1805 according to an exemplary embodiment, theTRP may transmit the reference configuration information to the UE, andthe UE may receive the reference configuration information. In thiscase, operation 1801 according to an exemplary embodiment may beskipped.

On the contrary, operations 1803 and 1805 according to an exemplaryembodiment may be skipped. In this case, operation 2601 according to anexemplary embodiment may be performed.

That is, operation 1801 according to an exemplary embodiment, andoperations 1803 and 1805 according to an exemplary embodiment may beoptional.

In operation 1807 according to an exemplary embodiment, the TRP maytransmit a signal related to the configuration information, and the UEmay receive the signal. For example, the signal related to theconfiguration information may be a signal for positioning the UE.

In operation 1809 according to an exemplary embodiment, the UE maytransmit a positioning-related signal to the TRP, and the TRP mayreceive the positioning-related signal. In operation 1811 according toan exemplary embodiment, the TRP may transmit the positioning-relatedsignal to the location server and/or the LMF, and the location serverand/or the LMF may receive the positioning-related signal.

In operation 1813 according to an exemplary embodiment, the UE maytransmit the positioning-related signal to the location server and/orthe LMF, and the location server and/or the LMF may receive thepositioning-related signal. In this case, operations 1809 and 1811according to an exemplary embodiment may be skipped.

On the contrary, operation 1813 may be skipped. In this case, operations2609 and 2611 according to an exemplary embodiment may be performed.

That is, operations 1809 and 1811 according to an exemplary embodiment,and operation 1813 according to an exemplary embodiment may be optional.

In an exemplary embodiment, the positioning-related signal may beobtained based on the configuration information and/or the signalrelated to the configuration information.

FIG. 19 is a simplified diagram illustrating a method of operating a UE,a TRP, a location server, and/or an LMF according to various embodimentsof the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 19(a), the UE may receive configuration information inoperation 1901(a) according to an exemplary embodiment.

In operation 1903(a) according to an exemplary embodiment, the UE mayreceive a signal related to the configuration information.

In operation 1905(a) according to an exemplary embodiment, the UE maytransmit positioning-related information.

Referring to FIG. 19(b), the TRP may receive the configurationinformation from the location server and/or the LMF and transmit thereceived configuration information to the UE in operation 1901(b)according to an exemplary embodiment.

In operation 1903(b) according to an exemplary embodiment, the TRP maytransmit a signal related to the configuration information.

In operation 1905(b) according to an exemplary embodiment, the TRP mayreceive the positioning-related information and transmit the receivedpositioning-related information to the location server and/or the LMF.

Referring to FIG. 19(c), the location server and/or the LMF may transmitthe configuration information in operation 1901(c) according to anexemplary embodiment.

In operation 1905(c) according to an exemplary embodiment, the locationserver and/or the LMF may receive the positioning-related information.

For example, the configuration information may be understood as relatedto reference configuration (information) and one or more pieces ofinformation transmitted/configured to/for the UE by the location serverand/or the LMF and/or the TRP, and/or understood as the referenceconfiguration (information) and the one or more pieces of informationtransmitted/configured to/for the UE by the location server and/or theLMF and/or the TRP in the following description of various embodimentsof the present disclosure.

For example, the positioning-related signal may be understood as asignal related to one or more pieces of information reported by the UEand/or as a signal including the one or more pieces of informationreported by the UE in the following description of various embodimentsof the present disclosure.

For example, a BS, a gNB, a cell, and so on may be replaced by a TRP, aTP, or any other device that plays the same role in the followingdescription of various embodiments of the present disclosure.

For example, the location server may be replaced by the LMF or any otherdevice playing the same role in the following description of variousembodiments of the present disclosure.

More specific operations, functions, terms, and so on in an operationaccording to each exemplary embodiment may be performed and descriedbased on various embodiments of the present disclosure described below.Operations according to each exemplary embodiment are exemplary, and oneor more of the above operations may be omitted according to the specificcontents of each embodiment.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below indetail. Unless contradicting each other, the various embodiments of thepresent disclosure described below may be fully or partially combined toconstitute other various embodiments of the present disclosure, whichwill be clearly understood to those skilled in the art.

3.1. Sequence Configuration for RS

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, sequenceconfigurations for an RS may be provided. For example, the RS may be adownlink reference signal (DRS). Alternatively, the RS may be a PRS.

A DL PRS resource set may be defined as a set of DL PRS resources. EachDL PRS resource may have a DL PRS resource identifier (ID).

-   -   DL PRS resources included in the DL PRS resource set may be        associated with the same TRP.

A TRP may transmit one or more beams. A DL PRS resource ID included inthe DL PRS resource set may be associated with one beam transmitted froma single TRP.

The above-described examples may be independent of whether the TRP andbeam related to signal transmission are known to a UE.

A DL PRS sequence may be obtained/generated by a Gold sequencegenerator.

A general pseudo-random sequence may be defined as a length-31 Goldsequence. For example, a length-M_(PN) output sequence c(n) (n=0, 1, . .. , M_(PN)−1) may be defined as in Equation 5.c(n)=(x ₁(n+N _(C))+x ₂(n+N _(C)))mod 2x ₁(n+31)=(x ₁(n+3)+x ₁(n))mod 2x ₂(n+31)=(x ₂(n+3)+x ₂(n+2)+x ₂(n+1)+x ₂(n))mod 2  [Equation 5]

For example, N_(c)=1600, and a first m-sequence 28(n) may be initializedas follows: 28(0)=1 and 28(n)=0 (n=1, 2, . . . , 30). Initialization ofa second m-sequence x₂(n) may be expressed by c_(init)=Σ³⁰_(i=0)x₂(i)·2^(i), which has values that depend on sequence application.

The value of c_(init) for initialization of a DL PRS sequence generatormay be provided according to one or more of various embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation may be used for a DL PRSsignal transmitted based on cyclic prefix-orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (CP-OFDM). A different method may be applied to a DL PRSsequence generated by a different mechanism.

A specific TP/BS may transmit an RS (e.g., PRS) on one or two or more TXbeams for UE positioning (in the description of various embodiments ofthe present disclosure, the RS may be understood as the PRS, but thepresent disclosure is not limited thereto).

RSs transmitted on each TX beam may be configured/indicated withdifferent RS resources so that the RSs may be identified by the UE.

For example, frequency division multiplexing (FDM), code divisionmultiplexing (CDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and/or spatialdivision multiplexing (SDM) may be applied to different RS resources.

One or more RS resources may be included in one RS resource set.Multiple RS resources included in the same RS resource set may betransmitted by the same TP/BS. In addition, the UE may assume/recognizethat multiple RS resources included in the same RS resource set aretransmitted by the same TP/BS.

A specific RS resource may not be included only in a specific RSresource set but may be included in two or more RS resource sets. Thisis because if only dedicated RS resources are allocated to each RSresource set, radio resources such as time and/or frequency resourcesfor RS transmission may be wasted.

For example, it is assumed that a specific TP/BS transmits RS resource#1 configured for UE positioning to a target UE, UE #1 in a specifictime-frequency RE. According to this assumption, another specific TP/BSthat is quite geographically distant (e.g., more than a prescribeddistance) from the corresponding specific TP/BS may be capable oftransmitting an RS for UE positioning to a target UE, UE #2 on RSresource #1. If an independent RS (e.g., PRS) resource is allocated toeach TP/BS, this may cause a significant waste of radio resources suchas time and frequency resources.

FIG. 20 is a diagram schematically illustrating an operating method fora UE and/or a network node according to various embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 20 , in operation 2001 according to an exemplaryembodiment, a location server and/or an LMF may transmit RS resourceinformation to the UE, and the UE may receive the RS resourceinformation.

In operation 2003 according to an exemplary embodiment, the locationserver and/or LMF may transmit RS resource information to a TP, and theTP may receive the RS resource information.

In operation 2005 according to an exemplary embodiment, the TP mayforward the RS resource information to the UE, and the UE may receivethe RS resource information. In this case, operation 2001 according tothe exemplary embodiment may be omitted.

On the contrary, operations 2003 and 2005 according to the exemplaryembodiments may be omitted. In this case, operation 2001 according tothe exemplary embodiment may be performed.

That is, operation 2001 according to the exemplary embodiment andoperations 2003 and 2005 according to the exemplary embodiments may beoptional.

Herein, an RS resource may mean the resource for a RS used for UEpositioning.

In operation 2007 according to an exemplary embodiment, the locationserver and/or LMF may transmit information for configuring an ID to theUE, and the UE may receive the information. For example, the ID may bean ID to be used for sequence initialization of each PRS resource and/oreach PRS resource set. Alternatively, the ID may be a scramblingsequence ID.

In operation 2009 according to an exemplary embodiment, the locationserver and/or LMF may transmit information for configuring an ID to theTP, and the TP may receive the information. In this case, operation 2007according to the exemplary embodiment may be omitted.

In operation 2011 according to an exemplary embodiment, the TP mayforward the information for configuring the ID to the UE, and the UE mayreceive the information. For example, the ID may be an ID to be used forsequence initialization of each PRS resource and/or each PRS resourceset. Alternatively, the ID may be a scrambling sequence ID. In thiscase, operation 2007 according to the exemplary embodiment may beomitted.

On the contrary, operations 2009 and 2011 according to the exemplaryembodiments may be omitted. In this case, operation 2007 according tothe exemplary embodiment may be performed.

That is, operation 2007 according to the exemplary embodiment andoperations 2009 and 2011 according to the exemplary embodiments may beoptional.

In operation 2013 according to an exemplary embodiment, the TP maygenerate/obtain a PRS. Specifically, the TP may generate/obtain the PRSby performing the sequence initialization according to a slot index, anOFDM symbol index within a slot, a PRS resource on which the PRS istransmitted, and/or a scrambling sequence ID configured in a PRSresource set.

In operation 2015 according to an exemplary embodiment, the TP maytransmit the PRS (PRS resource and/or PRS resource set) to the UE, andthe UE may receive the PRS.

In operation 2017 according to an exemplary embodiment, the UE mayobtain/receive the PRS (PRS resource and/or PRS resource set).Specifically, the UE may find a sequence initialization value based onthe slot index, the OFDM symbol index within the slot, the PRS resourceon which the PRS is received, and/or the scrambling sequence IDconfigured in the PRS resource set. Then, the UE may obtain/receive thePRS (PRS resource and/or PRS resource set) by acquiring (deriving) asequence used for the received PRS resource.

More specific operations, functions, terms, etc. in the operationaccording to each exemplary embodiment may be performed and explained invarious embodiments of the present disclosure, which will be describedlater. The operations according to the individual exemplary embodimentsis merely exemplary, and one or more of the above-described operationsmay be omitted depending on the details of each embodiment.

3.1.1. [Proposal #1] Sequence Initialization Method 1

When a specific RS (e.g., PRS) resource configured to measure thelocation of a UE is included in different RS (e.g., PRS) resource sets,the UE may need to obtain measurements by identifying specific (same) RS(e.g., PRS) resources transmitted from different specific TPs/BSs. Tothis end, a method of initializing an RS sequence based on an RS (e.g.,PRS) resource set ID and/or an ID configured/indicated for each RSresource set (e.g., a scrambling ID for each RS resource set) other thanthe RS resource set ID may be considered. That is, a BS mayconfigure/indicate to the UE an RS resource set ID (e.g., RS resourceset index) and an additional ID (e.g., scrambling sequence ID) for eachRS (e.g., PRS) resource set as well as each RS (e.g., PRS) resource.

In consideration of the above, the BS and/or UE may perform sequenceinitialization as in Equation (0).c _(init) =f(N ^(RS) _(ID) ,N ^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) ,n _(s) ,l)  [Equation(0)]

In Equation (0), f(a, b, c, . . . ) may mean a function having a, b, c,etc. as factors and/or variables.

-   -   c_(init): denotes a sequence initialization value for sequence        initialization. For example, c_(init) may be a Gold sequence        initialization value. However, sequence initialization methods        according to various embodiments of the present disclosure may        be applied not only to initialization of a Gold sequence but        also to initialization of other sequences. In this case,        c_(init) may mean other sequence initialization values.    -   N^(RS) _(ID)∈{0, 1, . . . , 2 ^(x)−1} and/or N^(RS) _(ID)∈{0, 1,        . . . , 2^(M)−1}: denotes a specific RS (e.g., PRS) sequence ID,        a scrambling ID and/or resource ID of a specific RS (e.g., PRS)        resource, and/or an ID representing a resource, which is        configured/indicated for each resource. For example, N^(RS)        _(ID) may be represented/configured/indicated with X (>0) bits        and/or M (>0) bits.    -   N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID)∈{0, 1, . . . , 2^(y)−1} and/or N^(RS) ^(Set)        _(ID)∈{0, 1, . . . , 2^(L)−1}: denotes a scrambling ID        configured for each specific RS (e.g., PRS) resource set, a        resource set ID, and/or an ID representing a resource set. For        example, N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) may be        represented/configured/indicated with Y (>0) bits and/or L (>0)        bits.    -   n_(s)∈{0, 1, 2, . . . }: denotes a slot index and/or a slot        number. n_(s)∈{0, 1, 2, . . . } may be a slot index and/or a        slot number in a frame. In NR, considering that the number of        slots/symbols included in a frame may vary depending on SCSs,        the maximum value of n_(s) may vary depending on SCS        numerologies of NR.    -   l∈{0, 1, 2 . . . 13}: denotes an OFDM symbol index within a        slot.

As a more specific example, c^(init) of Equation (0) for sequenceinitialization may be defined as in Equation (1). That is, a sequenceinitialization method based on Equation (1) may be considered.c _(init)=(2^(M+L)×((K×n _(s) +l+1)(2N ^(RS) _(ID)+1))+g(N ^(RS) _(ID),N ^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID)))mod 2^(N)  [Equation (1)]

-   -   N: is 1 or a natural number greater than 1. N may denote the        length of a Gold sequence. For example, in the case of a        length-31 Gold sequence, N may be 31. However, sequence        initialization methods according to various embodiments ofthe        present disclosure may be applied not only to initialization of        a Gold sequence but also to initialization of other sequences.        In this case, N may mean the lengths of other sequences.    -   M: is 1 or a natural number greater than 1. M may be defined as        a fixed value. M may be related to the bit size of N^(RS) _(ID).        The bit size (e.g., 12 bits) of N^(RS) _(ID) (n^(PRS) _(ID,seq))        for a PRS may be larger than the bit size (e.g., 10 bits) of        N^(RS) _(ID)(n_(ID)) for a CSI-RS. M may be determined in        consideration of the difference between the bit size of n^(PRS)        _(ID,seq) and the bit size of n_(ID). For example, M may be 19,        but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.    -   K: is 1 or a natural number greater than 1. K may be defined as        a fixed value. K may be related to the number of symbols per        slot. For example, considering that one slot consists of 14        symbols (in the case of a normal CP), K may be defined as K=14.        Alternatively, considering that one slot consists of 12 symbols        (in the case of an extended CP), K may be defined as K=12. If        sequence initialization is performed on a PRS block basis and/or        on a PRS occasion basis, the K value may be defined/configured        as the number of symbols included in one PRS block and/or PRS        occasion.    -   g(N^(RS) _(ID), N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID)): denotes a function of        N^(RS) _(ID) and N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID). g(N^(RS) _(ID), N^(RS)        ^(Set) _(ID)) may mean a function having N^(RS) _(ID) and N^(RS)        ^(Set) _(ID) as factors and/or variables.        -   As a more specific example, g(N^(RS) _(ID), N^(RS) ^(Set)            _(ID)) may be defined as in Equation (1-1) and/or Equation            (1-2).            g(N ^(RS) _(ID) N ^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID))=2^(L) ×N ^(RS) _(ID)            +N ^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) +c ₁  [Equation (1-1)]            g(N ^(RS) _(ID) N ^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID))=2^(M) ×N ^(RS) ^(Set)            _(ID) +N ^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) +c ₂  [Equation (1-2)]        -   c₁ and/or c₂ may be a real number greater than or equal to            0.        -   Equation (1-1) and Equation (1-2) are similar methods.            However, since Equation (1-2) has a significant difference            between the values of c_(init) depending on the value of            N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) compared to Equation (1-1), the            difference between sequence initialization values increases            for the same value of N^(RS) _(ID). Equation (1-2) has an            advantage of better identifying the same PRS resource            transmitted from different TPs. Equations (1-1) and (1-2)            are exemplary, and g(N^(RS) _(ID), N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID)) may            be defined in other forms according to various embodiments            of the present disclosure. That is, similar modifications            and/or applications may also be included in various            embodiments of the present disclosure.    -   mod: denotes a modulo arithmetic or operation. The modular        operation may be an operation to obtain a remainder r obtained        by dividing a dividend q by a divisor d (r=q mod(d)).

In another method, it may be considered that an ID configured separatelyfor each resource set (e.g., a scrambling ID for an RS resource set)and/or an ID representing a resource set is multiplied by (14n_(s)+l+1).A form such as Equation (2) may be considered.c _(init)=(2^(M+L)×((Kn _(s) +l+1)(2N ^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID)+1))+g(N ^(RS)_(ID) ,N ^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID))mod 2^(N)  [Equation (2)]

According to the method of Equation (2), the difference between thevalues of c_(init) for different RS resource sets for a specific RSresource may increase compared to the method of Equation (1).

That is, the above-described method may mean that a RS resource set IDis available for sequence initialization. Additionally/alternatively,although a scrambling sequence ID is configured at the RS resourcelevel, an ID represented/configured with L bits such as an independentscrambling sequence is configured for an RS resource set so that Goldsequence initialization may be performed at the resource level and/or atthe resource set level.

The scrambling ID and/or ID of a RS resource set may beconfigured/indicated to the UE by being linked to a specific TP/BS IDand/or another ID capable of representing a specific TP/BS.

-   -   In Equations (1), (1-1), (1-2), and (2), N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) may        be an additional ID (e.g., a scrambling sequence ID) configured        for a specific RS resource rather than an ID (e.g., scrambling        sequence ID) defined by at the RS resource set level.    -   In Equations (1), (1-1), (1-2), and (2), N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) may        be a specific TP/BS ID (and/or an ID capable of representing the        corresponding TP/BS) rather than an ID (e.g., scrambling        sequence ID) defined by at the RS resource set level. When a        specific RS resource is included and transmitted in different RS        resource sets, it may be interpreted to mean that the same RS        resource is transmitted from different TPs. c_(init) in        Equation (0) may be changed as follows: c_(init)=f(N^(RS) _(ID),        N^(TP) _(ID), n_(s), l), where N^(TP) _(ID) denotes a TP ID.        That is, a sequence initialization value may be determined based        on a PRS resource ID, a scrambling sequence ID of a PRS        resource, a TP ID, a slot index, and/or a symbol index.    -   When TP/BS information (e.g., TP/BS ID) is used for sequence        initialization, an LMF and/or location server may        transmit/indicate information on a reference cell (and/or        reference TP) and/or a neighboring cell (and/or neighboring TP)        configured/indicated for a UE to a wireless network BS.

According to the method of Equation (1), the amount of change in theoverall value due to an increase in the value of N^(RS) _(ID) may begreater than the amount of change in the overall value due to anincrease in the value of N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID).

On the other hand, according to the method of Equation (2), the amountof change in the overall value due to an increase in the value of N^(RS)^(Set) _(ID) may be greater than the amount of change in the overallvalue due to an increase in the value of N^(RS) _(ID).

If the amount of change in the overall value increases although anyoneof the values of N^(RS) _(ID) and N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) varies, there maybe an advantage of lowering correlation due to use of differentsequences. Based on this fact, the method of Equation (2-1) may beconsidered.c _(init)=(2^(P)×((Kn _(s) +l+1)(2N ^(RS) _(ID)+1)(2N ^(RS) ^(Set)_(ID)+1))+g(N ^(RS) _(ID) ,N ^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID)))mod 2^(N)  [Equation(2-1)]

-   -   N^(RS) _(ID)∈{0, 1, . . . , 2^(x)−1} and/or N^(RS) ^(Set)        _(ID)∈{0, 1, . . . , 2^(M)−1}: denotes a specific RS (e.g., PRS)        sequence ID, a scrambling ID and/or resource ID of a specific RS        (e.g., PRS) resource, and/or an N^(RS) _(ID) representing a        resource, which is configured/indicated for each resource. For        example, N^(RS) _(ID) may be represented/configured/indicated        with X (>0) bits and/or M (>0) bits.    -   N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID)∈{0, 1, . . . , 2^(y)−1} and/or N^(RS) ^(Set)        _(ID)∈{0, 1, . . . , 2^(L)−1}: denotes a scrambling ID        configured for each specific RS (e.g., PRS) resource set, a        resource set ID, and/or an ID representing a resource set. For        example, N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) may be        represented/configured/indicated with Y (>0) bits and/or L (>0)        bits.    -   P: is 1 or a natural number greater than 1. When N^(RS) _(ID)        has a bit size of M bits and N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) has a bit size        of L bits, P≤M+L may be satisfied. When P≤M+L is satisfied,        N^(RS) _(ID) and N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) may be configured/indicated        with M and L bits, respectively, but this may mean that among        all combinations of (sequence) IDs at the resource level and        (sequence) IDs at the resource set level, only a total of P bits        may be configured/indicated to be used, instead of using all of        the combinations.    -   K: is 1 or a natural number greater than 1. K may be defined as        a fixed value. K may be related to the number of symbols per        slot. For example, considering that one slot consists of 14        symbols (in the case of a normal CP), K may be defined as K=14.        Alternatively, considering that one slot consists of 12 symbols        (in the case of an extended CP), K may be defined as K=12. If        sequence initialization is performed on a PRS block basis and/or        on a PRS occasion basis, the K value may be defined/configured        as the number of symbols included in one PRS block and/or PRS        occasion.    -   n_(s)∈{0, 1, 2, . . . }: denotes a slot index and/or a slot        number. n_(s)∈{0, 1, 2, . . . } may be a slot index and/or a        slot number in a frame. In NR, considering that the number of        slots/symbols included in a frame may vary depending on SCSs,        the maximum value of n_(s) may vary depending on SCS        numerologies of NR.    -   l∈{0, 1, 2, . . . 13}: denotes an OFDM symbol index within a        slot.    -   g(N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID), N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID)): denotes a function        of N^(RS) _(ID) and N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID). g(N^(RS) _(ID), N^(RS)        ^(Set) _(ID)) may mean a function having N^(RS) _(ID) and N^(RS)        ^(Set) _(ID) as factors and/or variables.

The purpose of the above-described sequence initialization method is toallow a UE to recognize in which PRS resource set a specific PRSresource is transmitted and use different sequences (for different PRSresource sets) by considering that the specific PRS resource may beincluded in one or more PRS resource sets.

Since all PRS resources are not configured to be included in multiplePRS resource sets, M+L bits may not be necessary unless all PRSresources are included in different PRS resource sets. In addition, dueto the (gold) sequence length, the value after the modular operation inthe above-described equation may not be a unique value depending on thesymbol index and the slot index. That is, since the sequenceinitialization values may be the same depending on the symbol index andthe slot index, it may be necessary to appropriately determine thelength of the (gold) sequence according to the value of P to avoid theabove-described issue.

3.1.2. [Proposal #2] Sequence Initialization Method 2

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a methodbased on Equation (3) may be provided as another example of PRS sequenceinitialization.

$\begin{matrix}{c_{init} = {\left( {{{2^{N}}^{- {({M - {10}})}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{K \cdot n_{s}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2 \cdot \left( {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}2^{10}} \right)} + 1} \right)} + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}2^{10}}} \right){mod}2^{N}}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}(3)} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$

-   -   c_(init): denotes a sequence initialization value for sequence        initialization. For example, c_(init) may be a Gold sequence        initialization value. However, sequence initialization methods        according to various embodiments of the present disclosure may        be applied not only to initialization of a Gold sequence but        also to initialization of other sequences. In this case,        c_(init) may mean other sequence initialization values.    -   N: is 1 or a natural number greater than 1. N may denote the        length of a Gold sequence. For example, in the case of a        length-31 Gold sequence, N may be 31. However, sequence        initialization methods according to various embodiments of the        present disclosure may be applied not only to initialization of        a Gold sequence but also to initialization of other sequences.        In this case, N may mean the lengths of other sequences.    -   M: is 1 or a natural number greater than 1. M may be defined as        a fixed value. M may be related to the bit size of N^(RS) _(ID).        The bit size (e.g., 12 bits) of N^(RS) _(ID) (n^(PRS) _(ID,seq))        for a PRS may be larger than the bit size (e.g., 10 bits) of        N^(RS) _(ID) (n_(ID)) for a CSI-RS. M may be determined in        consideration of the difference between the bit size of n^(PRS)        _(ID,seq) and the bit size of n_(ID). For example, M may be 19,        but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.    -   N^(RS) _(ID)∈{0, 1, . . . , 2^(x)−1} and/or N^(RS) _(ID)∈{0, 1,        . . . , 2^(M)−1}: denotes a specific RS (e.g., PRS) sequence ID,        a scrambling ID and/or resource ID of a specific RS (e.g., PRS)        resource, and/or an ID representing a resource, which is        configured/indicated for each resource. For example, N^(RS)        _(ID) up may be represented/configured/indicated with X (>0)        bits and/or M (>0) bits.    -   K: is 1 or a natural number greater than 1. K may be defined as        a fixed value. K may be related to the number of symbols per        slot. For example, considering that one slot consists of 14        symbols (in the case of a normal CP), K may be defined as K=14.        Alternatively, considering that one slot consists of 12 symbols        (in the case of an extended CP), K may be defined as K=12. If        sequence initialization is performed on a PRS block basis and/or        on a PRS occasion basis, the K value may be defined/configured        as the number of symbols included in one PRS block and/or PRS        occasion.    -   n_(s)−{0, 1, 2, . . . }: denotes a slot index and/or a slot        number. n_(s) ∈{0, 1, 2 . . . } may be a slot index and/or a        slot number in a frame. In NR, considering that the number of        slots/symbols included in a frame may vary depending on SCSs,        the maximum value of n_(s) may vary depending on SCS        numerologies of NR.    -   l∈{0, 1, 2, . . . , 13}: denotes an OFDM symbol index within a        slot.    -   mod: denotes a modulo arithmetic or operation. The modular        operation may be an operation to obtain a remainder r obtained        by dividing a dividend q by a divisor d (r=q mod (d)).

In Equation (3), 2{circumflex over ( )}10 may reflect 10 bits forrepresenting the number of cell IDs.

In Equation (3), among 31 bits of a length-31 Gold sequence, first 10bits and last M−10 bits may be reserved to indicate and/or configureN^(RS) _(ID).

If a specific ID (e.g., scrambling ID) represented/configured with Lbits at the PRS resource set level, N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) is additionallyconsidered for Equation (3) for sequence initialization, Equation (3)for sequence initialization may be modified. Equation (3-1) may beconsidered.

$\begin{matrix} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}\left( {3 - 1} \right)} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$ $\begin{matrix}{\left. {c_{init} = {\left( {{2^{N - {({M - 10})}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{L + 10}\left( {{K \cdot n_{s}} + l + 1} \right){2 \cdot \left( {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}2^{10}} \right)}} + 1} \right) + {2^{10}N_{ID}^{{RS}_{Set}}} + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}2^{10}}}} \right){mod}2^{N}} & \end{matrix}$

As a more specific example of the sequence initialization method ofProposal #2 according to various embodiments of the present disclosure,the following may be considered.

A UE may assume that a PRS sequence r(m) is defined as follows.

${r(m)} = {{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left( {1 - {2{c\left( {2m} \right)}}} \right)} + {j\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left( {1 - {2{c\left( {{2m} + 1} \right)}}} \right)}}$

For example, a pseudo-random sequence c(i) may be the above-describedGold sequence. A pseudo-random sequence generator may be initialized asfollows.

$\left. {c_{init} = \left( {{2^{22}\left\lfloor \frac{n_{{ID},{seq}}^{PRS}}{1024} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{N_{symb}^{slot}n_{s,f}^{\mu}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2\left( {n_{{ID},{seq}}^{PRS}{mod}\ 1024} \right)} + 1} \right)} + {n_{{ID},{seq}}^{PRS}{mod}1024}} \right)} \right){mod}2^{31}$

For example, n^(μ) _(s,f) denotes a slot number. Alternatively, n^(μ)_(s,f) may be a slot number in a frame.

For example, a DL PRS sequence ID n^(PRS) _(ID,seq) ∈{0, 1, . . . ,4095} may be given by a higher layer parameter (e.g.,DL-PRS-SequenceId).

For example, l may be an OFDM symbol (index) in a slot to which asequence is mapped.

The sequence initialization method of Proposal #2 according to variousembodiments of the present disclosure, for example, Equation (3) may bedesigned in consideration of the difference between the bit size (e.g.,12 bits) of N^(RS) _(ID) (n_(ID,seq) ^(PRS)) for a PRS and the bit size(e.g., 10 bits) of N^(RS) _(ID) (n_(ID)) for a CSI-RS.

According to the sequence initialization method of Proposal #2 accordingto various embodiments of the present disclosure, for example, Equation(3), if the value of N^(RS) _(ID) (n^(PRS) _(ID,seq)) for the PRS is thesame as the value of N^(RS) _(ID) (n_(ID)) of the CSI-RS, the value ofc_(init) for the PRS may be designed to be the same as the value ofc_(init) for the CSI-RS.

According to the sequence initialization method of Proposal #2 accordingto various embodiments of the present disclosure, for example, Equation(3), when the PRS and CSI-RS are used together as an RS for positioning,the UE may only need to check the same resource location for both thePRS and CSI-RS. That is, the UE may expect to receive the PRS and/orCSI-RS at the same resource location. In other words, the UE may notneed to additionally identify other resource locations.

Thus, according to the sequence initialization method of Proposal #2according to various embodiments of the present disclosure, for example,Equation (3), when the PRS and CSI-RS are used together as the RS forpositioning, the UE implementation complexity may be reduced.

The sequence initialization method of Proposal #2 according to variousembodiments of the present disclosure, for example, Equation (3) may beapplied regardless of whether the UE is NR configured/provided withN^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID). In other words, the sequence initialization methodof Proposal #2 according to various embodiments of the presentdisclosure, for example, Equation (3) may be applied regardless ofwhether the UE is configured/provided with a PRS resource set.

3.1.3. [Proposal #3] Use of Sequence Considering PRS Block/Occasion

Additionally, when a specific PRS resource included in a specific PRSresource set is used to configure different PRS blocks and/or PRSoccasions, a UE may need to detect the specific PRS resource byidentifying the PRS blocks. Thus, according to various embodiments ofthe present disclosure, all or some of the following elements may beconsidered.

-   -   PRS block information: The PRS block information may include a        PRS block index and/or a specific ID assigned/configured for        each PRS block (e.g., scrambling sequence ID per PRS block).        -   For example, the PRS block may include PRS resources and/or            PRS resource sets transmitted from a specific TP/BS and/or a            plurality of TPs/BSs on a specific TX beam. The PRS block            may mean a transmission unit for transmitting a PRS over one            or more symbols.    -   PRS occasion information: The PRS occasion information may        include a PRS occasion index and/or a specific ID        assigned/configured for each PRS occasion (e.g., scrambling        sequence ID per PRS block).        -   For example, the PRS occasion may be defined/configured as a            group of one or more PRS blocks and/or a group of one or            more slots in which a PRS is transmitted.    -   PRS resource set information: The PRS resource set information        may include a PRS resource set index and/or a specific ID        assigned/configured for each PRS resource set (e.g., scrambling        sequence ID per PRS resource set).

For example, it may be considered for efficient use of time-frequencyradio resources that different TPs/BSs transmit a specific PRS resourceblock on the same time and/or frequency resources. In this case,different sequences may need to be used (by the different TPs/BSs) sothat the UE is capable of efficiently identifying PRS blocks transmittedin the time and/or frequency resources. To this end, different sequenceinitialization values may be configured/allocated (by the differentTPs/BSs).

As described above, when a specific PRS resource included in a specificPRS resource set is used to configure different PRS blocks and/ordifferent PRS occasions, the UE may need to detect the specific PRSresource by identifying the PRS blocks. Thus, a sequence initializationoperation according to Equation (4) may be considered.c _(init) =f(N ^(RS) _(ID) ,N ^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) ,N ^(Block) _(ID) ,n_(s) ,l)  [Equation (4)]

The following five factors may be considered for Equation (4). That is,the sequence initialization operation according to Equation (4) may beperformed with respect to the following five factors.

-   -   c_(init): denotes a sequence initialization value for sequence        initialization. For example, c_(init) may be a Gold sequence        initialization value. However, sequence initialization methods        according to various embodiments of the present disclosure may        be applied not only to initialization of a Gold sequence but        also to initialization of other sequences. In this case,        c_(init) may mean other sequence initialization values.    -   N^(RS) _(ID)∈{0, 1, . . . , 2 ^(x)−1} and/or N^(RS) _(ID)∈{0, 1,        . . . , 2^(M)−1}: denotes a specific RS (e.g., PRS) sequence ID,        a scrambling ID and/or resource ID of a specific RS (e.g., PRS)        resource, and/or an ID representing a resource, which is        configured/indicated for each resource. For example, N^(RS)        _(ID) may be represented/configured/indicated with X (>0) bits        and/or M (>0) bits.    -   N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID)∈{0, 1, . . . , 2^(y)−1} and/or N^(RS) ^(Set)        _(ID)∈{0, 1, . . . , 2^(L)−1}: denotes a scrambling ID        configured for each specific RS (e.g., PRS) resource set, a        resource set ID, and/or an ID representing a resource set. For        example, N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) may be        represented/configured/indicated with Y (>0) bits and/or L (>0)        bits.    -   N^(Block) _(ID) ∈{0, 1, . . . , 2^(W)−1}: denotes a PRS block        index (PRS block group index, PRS occasion index, and/or PRS        occasion group index). For example, N^(Block) _(ID) ∈{0, 1, . .        . , 2^(W)−1} may be defined/configured with a total of W bits        (W≥0).

n_(s)∈{0, 1, 2, . . . }: denotes a slot index and/or a slot number.n_(s) ∈{0, 1, 2, . . . } may be a slot index and/or a slot number in aframe. In NR, considering that the number of slots/symbols included in aframe may vary depending on SCSs, the maximum value of n_(s) may varydepending on SCS numerologies of NR.

-   -   l∈{0, 1, 2, . . . 13}: denotes an OFDM symbol index within a        slot.

As a more specific example, c_(init) of Equation (4) for sequenceinitialization may be defined as in Equation (4-1). That is, a sequenceinitialization method based on Equation (4-1) may be considered.c _(init)=(2^(M+L+W)×((Kn _(s) +l+1)(2N ^(RS) _(ID)+1))+p(N ^(RS) _(ID),N ^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) ,N ^(Block) _(ID)))mod 2^(N)  [Equation (4-1)]

-   -   M: is 1 or a natural number greater than 1. M may be defined as        a fixed value. M may be related to the bit size of N^(RS) _(ID).        The bit size (e.g., 12 bits) of N^(RS) _(ID) (N^(PRS) _(ID,seq))        for a PRS may be larger than the bit size (e.g., 10 bits) of        N^(RS) _(ID) (n_(ID)) for a CSI-RS. M may be determined in        consideration of the difference between the bit size of N^(PRS)        _(ID,seq) and the bit size of n_(ID). For example, M may be 19,        but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.    -   L: is 1 or a natural number greater than 1. L may be defined as        a fixed value. L may be related to the bit size of N^(RS) ^(Set)        _(ID). For example, if N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) is        represented/configured/indicated with Y (>0) bits, L=Y.    -   K: is 1 or a natural number greater than 1. K may be defined as        a fixed value. K may be related to the number of symbols per        slot. For example, considering that one slot consists of 14        symbols (in the case of a normal CP), K may be defined as K=14.        Alternatively, considering that one slot consists of 12 symbols        (in the case of an extended CP), K may be defined as K=12. If        sequence initialization is performed on a PRS block basis and/or        on a PRS occasion basis, the K value may be defined/configured        as the number of symbols included in one PRS block and/or PRS        occasion.    -   n_(s) ∈{0, 1, 2, . . . }: denotes a slot index and/or a slot        number. n_(s) ∈{0, 1, 2, . . . } may be a slot index and/or a        slot number in a frame. In NR, considering that the number of        slots/symbols included in a frame may vary depending on SCSs,        the maximum value of n_(s) may vary depending on SCS        numerologies of NR.    -   l∈{0, 1, 2, . . . 13} denotes an OFDM symbol index within a        slot.    -   mod: denotes a modulo arithmetic or operation. The modular        operation may be an operation to obtain a remainder r obtained        by dividing a dividend q by a divisor d (r=q mod(d)).

As a more specific example, p(N^(RS) _(ID), N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID),N^(Block) _(ID)) of Equation (4) for sequence initialization may bedefined as in Equation (4-2).p(N ^(RS) _(ID) ,N ^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) ,N ^(Block) _(ID))=2^(M+L) ×N^(Block) _(ID)+2^(M) ×N ^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) +N ^(RS) _(ID)  [Equation(4-2)]

In Equation (4-2), NSD the order of N^(Block) _(ID), N^(RS) ^(Set)_(ID), and N^(RS) _(ID) may vary. In addition, since the exponentialpower of 2 preceding each factor varies, which is determined based onthe number of bits allocated to each factor, an intuitive modificationof Equation (4-2) may be included in various embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

3.1.4. [Proposal #4] Configuration of Multiple Scrambling Sequence IDsfor Specific RS Resource

In addition to the above-described embodiments of the presentdisclosure, the following method may be considered to allow a UE toobtain measurements by identifying specific (same) RS (e.g., PRS)resources transmitted from different specific TPs/BSs according tovarious embodiments of the present disclosure.

For example, a BS and/or LMF may configure/indicate a plurality ofscrambling sequence IDs for a specific RS (e.g., PRS) resource. That is,the BS and/or LMF may configure different scrambling sequence IDs forone PRS resource, and the different scrambling sequence IDs may be inconjunction with a specific TP and/or a specific RS (e.g., PRS) resourceset.

The BS and/or LMF may configure/indicate a plurality of scramblingsequence IDs for one RS resource only when a specific RS resource isincluded in (or belongs to) multiple RS resource sets. For example, if aspecific RS resource is configured to be included in two or more RSresource sets, the UE may automatically recognize that multiplescrambling sequence IDs (e.g., as many as the number of RS resource setsincluding the specific RS resource) are configured.

The BS may report some or all of the sequence initialization informationto the LMF/location server, and if necessary, the LMF/location servermay request some or all of the sequence initialization information fromthe BS.

3.1.5. [Proposal #5] Default Behavior.

3.1.5.1. Meaning of Identifying to Which PRS Resource Set PRS ResourceBelongs

In the case of a PRS, a specific PRS resource set may belinked/connected/associated with a specific TP unlike other RSs. Forexample, DL PRS resources included in a DL PRS resource set may beassociated with the same TRP. That is, a specific PRS resource set maybe transmitted only by a specific TP.

However, a specific PRS resource may be a member of one or more PRSresource sets. That is, a specific PRS resource included in differentPRS resource sets may be transmitted from multiple TPs.

Accordingly, if a UE is capable of recognizing in which PRS resource seta specific PRS resource is included when receiving the PRS resource, theUE may also recognize which TP transmits the PRS resource.

From the perspective of TPs, a specific TP may transmit two or more PRSresource sets, instead of being linked/connected/associated with onlyone PRS resource set. For example, if a specific TP has two TX panels,it may be assumed that the specific TP transmits one PRS resource setfor each panel. In other words, if the UE is capable of recognizing inwhich PRS resource set a specific PRS resource is transmitted, the UEmay also recognize through which panel among the transmission panels ofthe TP the PRS resource is transmitted. That is, when the BS/locationserver indicates/configures to the UE a specific PRS resource set bylinking/connecting/associating the specific PRS resource set with aspecific panel of a specific TP, the UE may identify more specificinformation than identifying which TP transmits the PRS resource. Inconsideration of the above, the following default behavior of the UE maybe provided in various embodiments of the present disclosure.

3.1.5.2. (Default Behavior Proposal) Default Behavior when N^(RS) ^(Set)_(ID) is not Configured

In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the default behaviorof the UE is provided when N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) (i.e., a specific IDconfigured at the RS set level, for example, an RS set ID and/or asequence ID configured at the RS set level) is not configured.

In one or more of the above-described sequence initialization equations(e.g., Equation (0), Equation (1), Equation (1-1), Equation (1-2),Equation (2), and Equation (2-1)), if a BS/location server does notindicate/configure N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) to a UE, the UE mayinterpret/consider/assume that N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) is an IDconfigured/indicated at the TP level (e.g., a TP ID, a specific IDconfigured together with a TP, and/or a sequence ID indicated/configuredfor each TP). For reference, Equation (1), Equation (2), and Equation(2-1) may be examples of Equation (0), and Equation (1-1) and Equation(1-2) may be examples for the definition of the function g.

That is, in one or more of the above-described sequence initializationequations, the UE may perform calculation by substituting a specific TPID linked/connected/associated with an RS resource set rather than asequence ID configured at the RS set level. Then, the UE may determine asequence initialization value based on the above calculation.

The above-described UE operation may configured/indicated by theBS/location server.

When each PRS set is linked/connected/associated with a specific TP, theabove-described characteristics may be very useful. For example, if theUE is capable of recognizing in which PRS resource set a specific PRSresource is included upon receiving the specific PRS resource, the UEmay also recognize which TP transmits the PRS resource.

Alternatively, if the BS/location server does not indicate/configureN^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) to the UE, the UE may interpret/consider/assumeN^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) as a physical cell ID (PCID).

That is, the PCID may be substituted rather than N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) inthe sequence initialization equations.

The above-described UE operation may configured/indicated by theBS/location server.

There may be a case where one cell corresponds to one TP, and in thiscase, it may be reasonable to consider N^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) as a cell IDrather than a TP ID.

Alternatively, if the BS/location server does not indicate/configureN^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) to the UE, the UE may compute the sequenceinitialization equations by substituting 0 rather than N^(RS) ^(Set)_(ID).

The default behavior of the UE when N^(RS) _(ID) is notconfigured/indicated will be described below according to variousembodiments of the present disclosure.

3.1.5.3. Fixed Sequence within Slot

Although PRS sequence initialization may vary for each OFDM symbol asdescribed above, it may be unnecessary to generate a new sequence foreach symbol.

A PRS may be continuously transmitted in a large number of OFDM symbols(e.g., a predetermined number or more of OFDM symbols) over multipleslots (and/or subframes) depending on PRS configurations such as a PRSoccasion/block/group, unlike other RSs such as a CSI-RS, a DM-RS, anSSB, etc.

In this case, if a UE performs cross-correlation operation by using adifferent sequence (different sequence initialization value) for eachOFDM symbol, it may become a burden in terms of the UE complexity.

In addition, a location server/LMF may manage resources such that aspecific/identical PRS resource is not shared by a serving cell and aneighboring cell. The PRS resource may not necessarily be transmitted bythe neighboring cell.

Alternatively, the location server/LMF may manage resources such thatdifferent cells/TPs/BSs rarely share some or all time-frequencyresources to transmit a PRS.

For a PRS transmitted for UE positioning, since the RS is transmittedfrom multiple cells/TPs/BSs and received by target UEs in the multiplecells/TPs/BSs, the location server/LMF may perform scheduling/managementsuch that multiple adjacent cells/TPs/BSs do not transmit different PRSresource IDs (e.g., PRS resource IDs) on the same time-frequencyresources.

Based on the above, a method of changing a sequence initialization valueonly for one or more of the following elements/variables rather thandepending on OFDM symbols is provided in various embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

-   -   Slot index, PRS resource, PRS resource set, TP, and/or cell/BS        information (e.g., cell ID)

This may be expressed as in Equation (0-1).c _(init) =f(N ^(RS) _(ID) ,N ^(RS) ^(Set) _(ID) ,n _(s))  [Equation(0-1)]

That is, a sequence initialization equation may be obtained by removingthe symbol index 1 from one or more of the above-described sequenceinitialization equations.

3.1.5.4. Additional Proposal #1: Default Behavior Proposal

In the case of a PRS, it may be important that a UE is capable ofrecognizing which cell (BS) and which TP (e.g., remote radio head (RRH))transmits the PRS, unlike other RSs.

For this reason, a PRS resource set ID and/or a TP ID as well as ascrambling sequence ID configured for a PRS resource may be usedtogether for sequence initialization in one or more of theabove-described PRS sequence initialization equations.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, it isproposed that a CSI-RS sequence initialization method isextended/applied in consideration of backward compatibility withsequence initialization methods for other RSs (e.g., CSI-RS, etc.).

As an RS sequence initialization method, a function having one or moreelements among the total number of symbols per slot, a slot index withina frame, a symbol index within a slot, a scrambling sequence ID of an RSresource, and/or an RS resource ID may be considered.

For example, a sequence initialization value may be configured/indicatedas in Equation (5).c _(init) =f(N ^(slot) _(symb) ,n ^(μ) _(s,f) ,l,N ^(RS)_(ID))  [Equation (5)]

For example, a sequence initialization method for a CSI-RS resource maybe defined as in Equation (5-1).c _(init)=(2¹⁰(N ^(slot) _(symb) n ^(μ) _(s,f) +l+1)(2N ^(RS) _(ID)+1)+N^(RS) _(ID))mod 2³¹  [Equation (5-1)]

-   -   N^(slot) _(symb)∈{14, 12}: denotes the number of symbols per        slot (# of symbols per slot). The number of symbols per slot may        vary depending on CP lengths. For example, in the case of a        normal CP, the number of symbols per slot may be 14. In the case        of an extended CP, the number of symbols per slot may be 12. The        number of symbols per slot may be defined/configured to other        values other than 14 or 12.    -   n^(μ) _(s,f)∈{0, 1, . . . , K}: denotes a slot index within a        frame. In NR, the number of slots/symbols included in a frame        may vary depending on numerologies. For example, when SCS=15        kHz, K=19 because one frame includes 10 slots. When SCS=15 kHz,        n^(μ) _(s,f){0, 1 . . . , 19} may be satisfied.    -   l∈{0, 1, 2, . . . , 13}: denotes an OFDM symbol index within a        slot. In NR, one slot may include 14 symbols (in the case of a        normal CP).    -   N^(RS) _(ID)∈{0, 1, . . . , 2^(B-1)}: may be        indicated/configured with an RS (e.g., PRS) sequence ID and/or        an RS resource ID. Here, B denotes the number of bits used to        configure an RS scrambling sequence ID and may be 1 or a natural        number greater than 1. For example, if the scrambling sequence        ID is configured with 12 bits, N^(RS) _(ID) ∈{0, 1, . . . ,        2¹²−1} may be satisfied.

In this case, if N^(RS) _(ID) is not configured/indicated, the UE mayrecognize/consider N^(RS) _(ID) as a TP ID rather than a PCID.

Alternatively, if N^(RS) _(ID) is not configured/indicated, the UE mayrecognize/consider N^(RS) _(ID) as a scrambling ID configured at the TPlevel rather than a TP ID.

The above-described UE operation may configured/indicated by theBS/location server.

The above-described UE operation may be applied not only to the sequenceinitialization methods according to Equation (5) and Equation (5-1) butalso to one or more of the above-described sequence initializationequations (for example, Equation (0), Equation (0-1), Equation (1),Equation (1-1), Equation (1-2), Equation (2), Equation (2-1), Equation(3), Equation (3-1), Equation (4), Equation (4-1), Equation (4-2),etc.).

(Effects) A specific PRS resource may be configured/indicated to betransmitted from multiple TPs. However, when a scrambling sequence IDN^(RS) _(ID) is not configured among PRS resource configurationparameters, if the UE regards N^(RS) _(ID) as a PCID other than the(scrambling) sequence ID, it may be difficult for the UE to determinewhich TP transmits the PRS resource.

In addition, a scrambling sequence ID may not need to be configured foreach transmitted PRS resource. In this case, necessary information maybe information on a TP that transmits a PRS resource.

For example, it is assumed that a specific TP transmits multiple PRSresources to a UE on the same TX beam to configure appropriate TX/RXbeams between the TP and UE. In this assumption, various methods may beused to inform the UE that the multiple PRS resources are transmitted onthe same TX beam. The purpose of the operation may be to find anappropriate RX beam of the UE and change the RX beam of the UE whiletransmitting multiple PRS resources on the same TX beam.

Assuming that the corresponding operation is repeated on multiple TXbeams, if the UE is configured with a sequence ID for each PRS resource,signaling overhead may unnecessarily increase. Assuming that 12 bits areused for a PRS scrambling ID for each resource, signaling of 120 bitsmay be required for 10 PRS resources, and as a result, signalingoverhead may unnecessarily increase.

When a specific PRS resource is transmitted from different TPs, the UEneeds to perform measurement for each TP to obtain timing measurementsfor the PRS resource such as a time of arrival (ToA), a time of flight(ToF), a propagation time, etc. However, if a PRS resource istransmitted by multiple TPs but the same sequence is used, it may bedifficult for the UE to distinguish the ToA/ToF/propagation time byidentifying the PRS resource transmitted from each TP because the sametime-frequency resources are used for the same PRS resource.

In this case, considering that a timing measurement is obtained bymeasuring the first peak of a received signal, the UE may obtain thetiming measurement such as the ToA/ToF/propagation time for the TPclosest to the UE among the multiple TPs when measuring theToA/ToF/propagation time of the PRS resource.

However, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure, amethod of indirectly identifying the same PRS resource transmitted fromdifferent TPs based on a CSI-RS sequence initialization method may beprovided.

When a specific PRS resource is transmitted from one or more multipleTPs, the BS/location server may intentionally configure no scramblingsequence ID for the PRS resource.

In addition, when no scrambling sequence ID is configured for the PRSresource, the UE may interpret a TP ID instead of a scrambling sequenceID. That is, the UE may interpret the TP ID of a TPlinked/connected/associated with a PRS resource and/or a PRS resourceset including the PRS resource.

Eventually, even if the BS/location server configures a specific PRSresource to be transmitted from multiple TPs, the UE may identify thePRS resource due to different sequences.

3.1.5.5. Additional Proposal #2: Default Behavior Proposal

As a (scrambling) sequence ID and/or an ID similar thereto, a specificID used for sequence initialization may be configured/indicated for eachRS resource as in a CSI-RS.

However, since the sequence initialization value varies depending on thesymbol index and/or slot index, the ID may not be necessarily differentfor each RS resource.

In terms of signaling overhead, if one sequence ID is assigned to aset/group of RS resources and the same value is used therefor, there maybe an advantage of significantly lowering the signaling overhead.

That is, the BS/location server may configure/indicate to the UE the(scrambled) sequence ID of an RS (e.g., PRS) for each RS (e.g., PRS)resource set (and/or each RS resource group).

Consequently, assuming that T (an integer or natural number greater thanor equal to 0) PRS resource sets are connected/linked/associated withone TP, each TP may use a total of T sequences. In this case, theBS/location server may configure/indicate the PRS resource sets to theUE such that different TPs use different sequences.

Examples of the above-described proposed methods may also be included asone of various embodiments of the present disclosure, and thus may beconsidered to be some proposed methods. While the proposed methods maybe independently implemented, some of the proposed methods may becombined (or merged). It may be regulated that information indicatingwhether to apply the proposed methods (or information about the rules ofthe proposed methods) is indicated by a signal (e.g., a physical-layersignal or a higher-layer signal) predefined for the UE by the BS.

3.2. Initial Network Access and Communication Process

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a UE mayperform a network access process to perform the above-described/proposedprocedures and/or methods. For example, the UE may receive systeminformation and configuration information required to perform theabove-described/proposed procedures and/or methods and store thereceived information in a memory. The configuration information requiredfor various embodiments of the present disclosure may be received byhigher-layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling or MAC signaling).

FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating an initial network access andsubsequent communication process. In an NR system to which variousembodiments of the present disclosure are applicable, a physical channeland an RS may be transmitted by beamforming. When beamforming-basedsignal transmission is supported, beam management may be performed forbeam alignment between a BS and a UE. Further, a signal proposed invarious embodiments of the present disclosure may betransmitted/received by beamforming. In RRC_IDLE mode, beam alignmentmay be performed based on a synchronization signal block (SSB or SS/PBCHblock), whereas in RRC_CONNECTED mode, beam alignment may be performedbased on a CSI-RS (in DL) and an SRS (in UL). On the contrary, whenbeamforming-based signal transmission is not supported, beam-relatedoperations may be omitted in the following description.

Referring to FIG. 21 , a BS (e.g., eNB) may periodically transmit an SSB(2702). The SSB includes a PSS/SSS/PBCH. The SSB may be transmitted bybeam sweeping. The BS may then transmit remaining minimum systeminformation (RMSI) and other system information (OSI) (2704). The RMSImay include information required for the UE to perform initial access tothe BS (e.g., PRACH configuration information). After detecting SSBs,the UE identifies the best SSB. The UE may then transmit an RACHpreamble (Message 1; Msg1) in PRACH resources linked/corresponding tothe index (i.e., beam) of the best SSB (2706). The beam direction of theRACH preamble is associated with the PRACH resources. Associationbetween PRACH resources (and/or RACH preambles) and SSBs (SSB indexes)may be configured by system information (e.g., RMSI). Subsequently, inan RACH procedure, the BS may transmit a random access response (RAR)(Msg2) in response to the RACH preamble (2708), the UE may transmit Msg3(e.g., RRC Connection Request) based on a UL grant included in the RAR(2710), and the BS may transmit a contention resolution message (Msg4)(2712). Msg4 may include RRC Connection Setup.

When an RRC connection is established between the BS and the UE in theRACH procedure, beam alignment may subsequently be performed based on anSSB/CSI-RS (in DL) and an SRS (in UL). For example, the UE may receivean SSB/CSI-RS (2714). The SSB/CSI-RS may be used for the UE to generatea beam/CSI report. The BS may request the UE to transmit a beam/CSIreport, by DCI (2716). In this case, the UE may generate a beam/CSIreport based on the SSB/CSI-RS and transmit the generated beam/CSIreport to the BS on a PUSCH/PUCCH (2718). The beam/CSI report mayinclude a beam measurement result, information about a preferred beam,and so on. The BS and the UE may switch beams based on the beam/CSIreport (2720 a and 2720 b).

Subsequently, the UE and the BS may perform the above-described/proposedprocedures and/or methods. For example, the UE and the BS may transmit awireless signal by processing information stored in a memory or mayprocess received wireless signal and store the processed signal in thememory according to various embodiments of the present disclosure, basedon configuration information obtained in the network access process(e.g., the system information acquisition process, the RRC connectionprocess through an RACH, and so on). The wireless signal may include atleast one of a PDCCH, a PDSCH, or an RS on DL and at least one of aPUCCH, a PUSCH, or an SRS on UL.

The above-described initial access procedure may be combined with thedetails described above in Clauses 1 to 3 to implement other variousembodiments of the present disclosure, which will be clearly understoodby those of ordinary skill in the art.

FIG. 22 is a diagram schematically illustrating an operating method fora UE and a TP according to various embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 23 is a flowchart illustrating an operating method for a UEaccording to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 24 is a flowchart illustrating an operating method for a TPaccording to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIGS. 22 to 24 , in operations 2201, 2301, and 2401according to exemplary embodiments, the TP may transmit asynchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) blockincluding a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondarysynchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH).In addition, the UE may receive the SS/PBCH block.

In operations 2203, 2303, and 2403 according to exemplary embodiments,the TP may transmit system information, and the UE may receive thesystem information.

In operations 2205, 2305, and 2405 according to exemplary embodiments,the TP may transmit information related to a PRS sequence ID, and the UEmay receive the information.

In operations 2207, 2307, and 2407 according to exemplary embodiments,the TP may transmit a PRS related to the PRS sequence ID, and the UE mayreceive the PRS.

For example, a pseudo-random sequence generator related to PRS sequencegeneration may be initialized according to the following equation:

${c}_{init} = {\left( {{2^{{31} - {({M - 10})}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{K \cdot \ n_{s}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2\  \cdot \left( {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}1024} \right)} + 1} \right)} + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024}} \right){mod}\ {2^{31}.}}$

For example, M may be a natural number, K may be the number of OFDMsymbols per slot, n_(s) may be a slot index, l may be an OFDM symbolindex within a slot, N^(RS) _(ID) may be the PRS sequence ID, and modmay be a modular operation.

For example, N^(RS) _(ID) may be configured by a higher layer. N^(RS)_(ID) may satisfy the following relationship: N^(RS) _(ID) ∈{0, 1, . . ., 4095} or N^(RS) _(ID) ∈{0, 1, . . . , 2¹⁹⁻¹}.

For example, M may be a natural number greater than 10 and smaller than31. For example, M may be 19.

For example, a sequence of the PRS may satisfy a value obtained from apredetermined length-31 Gold sequence.

More specific operations of the UE and/or the TP according to theabove-described various embodiments of the present disclosure may beexplained and performed based on the descriptions of clause 1 to clause3.

Examples of the above-described proposed methods may also be included asone of various embodiments of the present disclosure, and thus may beconsidered to be some proposed methods. While the proposed methods maybe independently implemented, some of the proposed methods may becombined (or merged). It may be regulated that information indicatingwhether to apply the proposed methods (or information about the rules ofthe proposed methods) is indicated by a signal (e.g., a physical-layersignal or a higher-layer signal) predefined for the UE by the BS.

4. Exemplary Configurations of Devices Implementing Various Embodimentsof the Present Disclosure 4.1. Exemplary Configurations of Devices towhich Various Embodiments of the Present Disclosure are Applied

FIG. 25 is a diagram illustrating devices that implement variousembodiments of the present disclosure.

The devices illustrated in FIG. 25 may be a UE and/or a BS (e.g., eNB orgNB) adapted to perform the afore-described mechanisms, or any devicesperforming the same operation.

Referring to FIG. 25 , the device may include a digital signal processor(DSP)/microprocessor 210 and a radio frequency (RF) module (transceiver)235. The DSP/microprocessor 210 is electrically coupled to thetransceiver 235 and controls the transceiver 235. The device may furtherinclude a power management module 205, a battery 255, a display 215, akeypad 220, a SIM card 225, a memory device 230, an antenna 240, aspeaker 245, and an input device 250, depending on a designer'sselection.

Particularly, FIG. 25 may illustrate a UE including a receiver 235configured to receive a request message from a network and a transmitter235 configured to transmit timing transmission/reception timinginformation to the network. These receiver and transmitter may form thetransceiver 235. The UE may further include a processor 210 coupled tothe transceiver 235.

Further, FIG. 25 may illustrate a network device including a transmitter235 configured to transmit a request message to a UE and a receiver 235configured to receive timing transmission/reception timing informationfrom the UE. These transmitter and receiver may form the transceiver235. The network may further include the processor 210 coupled to thetransceiver 235. The processor 210 may calculate latency based on thetransmission/reception timing information.

A processor included in a UE (or a communication device included in theUE) and a BE (or a communication device included in the BS) according tovarious embodiments of the present disclosure may operate as follows,while controlling a memory.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a UE or a BSmay include at least one transceiver, at least one memory, and at leastone processor coupled to the at least one transceiver and the at leastone memory. The at least one memory may store instructions causing theat least one processor to perform the following operations.

A communication device included in the UE or the BS may be configured toinclude the at least one processor and the at least one memory. Thecommunication device may be configured to include the at least onetransceiver, or may be configured not to include the at least onetransceiver but to be connected to the at least one transceiver.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the at leastone processor included in the UE (or the at least one processor includedof the communication device included in the UE) may receive an SS/PBCHblock including a PSS, an SSS, and a PBCH.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the at leastone processor included in the UE may receive system information based onthe SS/PBCH block.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the at leastone processor included in the UE may receive information related to aPRS sequence ID.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the at leastone processor included in the UE may receive a PRS related to the PRSsequence ID.

For example, a pseudo-random sequence generator related to PRS sequencegeneration may be initialized according to the following equation:

$c_{init} = {\left( {{2^{{31} - {({M - {10}})}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{K \cdot n_{s}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2 \cdot \left( {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024} \right)} + 1} \right)} + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024}} \right){mod}{2^{31}.}}$

For example, M may be a natural number, K may be the number of OFDMsymbols per slot, n s may be a slot index, l may be an OFDM symbol indexwithin a slot, N^(RS) _(ID) may be the PRS sequence ID, and mod may be amodular operation.

For example, N^(RS) _(ID) may be configured by a higher layer, and thefollowing relationship: N^(RS) _(ID) ∈{0, 1, . . . , 4095} or N^(RS)_(ID) ∈{0, 1, . . . , 2¹⁹⁻¹} may be satisfied.

For example, M may be a natural number greater than 10 and smaller than31. For example, M may be 19.

For example, a sequence of the PRS may satisfy a value obtained from apredetermined length-31 Gold sequence.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the at leastone processor included in the BS (or the at least one processor includedof the communication device included in the BS) may transmit an SS/PBCHblock including a PSS, an SSS, and a PBCH.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the at leastone processor included in the BS may transmit system information aftertransmitting the SS/PBCH block.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the at leastone processor included in the BS may transmit information related to aPRS sequence ID.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, the at leastone processor included in the BS may transmit a PRS related to the PRSsequence ID.

For example, a pseudo-random sequence generator related to PRS sequencegeneration may be initialized according to the following equation:

${\left. {c_{init} = {\left( {{2^{31 - {({M - 10})}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{K \cdot n_{s}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2 \cdot N_{ID}^{RS}}{mod}1024} \right)} + 1} \right) + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024}}} \right){mod}2^{31}},$

For example, M may be a natural number, K may be the number of OFDMsymbols per slot, n s may be a slot index, l may be an OFDM symbol indexwithin a slot, N^(RS) _(ID) may be the PRS sequence ID, and mod may be amodular operation.

For example, N^(RS) _(ID) may be configured by a higher layer, and thefollowing relationship: N^(RS) _(ID) ∈{0, 1, . . . , 4095} or N^(RS)_(ID) {0, 1, . . . , 2¹⁹⁻¹} may be satisfied.

For example, M may be a natural number greater than 10 and smaller than31. For example, M may be 19.

For example, a sequence of the PRS may satisfy a value obtained from apredetermined length-31 Gold sequence.

More specific operations of the processor included in the UE and/or theBS and/or the location server according to the above-described variousembodiments of the present disclosure may be described and performedbased on the descriptions of clause 1 to clause 3.

Unless contradicting each other, various embodiments of the presentdisclosure may be implemented in combination. For example, (a processoror the like included in) a UE and/or a BS and/or a location serveraccording to various embodiments of the present disclosure may implementthe embodiments described in clause 1 to clause 3 in combination, unlesscontradicting each other.

4.2. Example of Communication System to which Various Embodiments of thePresent Disclosure are Applied

In the present specification, various embodiments of the presentdisclosure have been mainly described in relation to data transmissionand reception between a BS and a UE in a wireless communication system.However, various embodiments of the present disclosure are not limitedthereto. For example, various embodiments of the present disclosure mayalso relate to the following technical configurations.

The various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods,and/or operational flowcharts of the various embodiments of the presentdisclosure described in this document may be applied to, without beinglimited to, a variety of fields requiring wirelesscommunication/connection (e.g., 5G) between devices.

Hereinafter, a description will be given in more detail with referenceto the drawings. In the following drawings/description, the samereference symbols may denote the same or corresponding hardware blocks,software blocks, or functional blocks unless described otherwise.

FIG. 26 illustrates an exemplary communication system to which variousembodiments of the present disclosure are applied.

Referring to FIG. 26 , a communication system 1 applied to the variousembodiments of the present disclosure includes wireless devices, BaseStations (BSs), and a network. Herein, the wireless devices representdevices performing communication using Radio Access Technology (RAT)(e.g., 5G New RAT (NR)) or Long-Term Evolution (LTE)) and may bereferred to as communication/radio/5G devices. The wireless devices mayinclude, without being limited to, a robot 100 a, vehicles 100 b-1 and100 b-2, an eXtended Reality (XR) device 100 c, a hand-held device 100d, a home appliance 100 e, an Internet of Things (IoT) device 100 f, andan Artificial Intelligence (AI) device/server 400. For example, thevehicles may include a vehicle having a wireless communication function,an autonomous driving vehicle, and a vehicle capable of performingcommunication between vehicles. Herein, the vehicles may include anUnmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device may includean Augmented Reality (AR)/Virtual Reality (VR)/Mixed Reality (MR) deviceand may be implemented in the form of a Head-Mounted Device (HMD), aHead-Up Display (HUD) mounted in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone,a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance device, a digitalsignage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The hand-held device may include asmartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch or asmartglasses), and a computer (e.g., a notebook). The home appliance mayinclude a TV, a refrigerator, and a washing machine. The IoT device mayinclude a sensor and a smartmeter. For example, the BSs and the networkmay be implemented as wireless devices and a specific wireless device200 a may operate as a BS/network node with respect to other wirelessdevices.

The wireless devices 100 a to 100 f may be connected to the network 300via the BSs 200. An AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices100 a to 100 f and the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f may be connectedto the AI server 400 via the network 300. The network 300 may beconfigured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, or a 5G (e.g.,NR) network. Although the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f maycommunicate with each other through the BSs 200/network 300, thewireless devices 100 a to 100 f may perform direct communication (e.g.,sidelink communication) with each other without passing through theBSs/network. For example, the vehicles 100 b-1 and 100 b-2 may performdirect communication (e.g. Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V)/Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). The IoT device (e.g.,a sensor) may perform direct communication with other IoT devices (e.g.,sensors) or other wireless devices 100 a to 100 f

Wireless communication/connections 150 a, 150 b, or 150 c may beestablished between the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f/BS 200, or BS200/BS 200. Herein, the wireless communication/connections may beestablished through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR) such as uplink/downlinkcommunication 150 a, sidelink communication 150 b (or, D2Dcommunication), or inter BS communication (e.g. relay, Integrated AccessBackhaul (IAB)). The wireless devices and the BSs/the wireless devicesmay transmit/receive radio signals to/from each other through thewireless communication/connections 150 a and 150 b. For example, thewireless communication/connections 150 a and 150 b may transmit/receivesignals through various physical channels. To this end, at least a partof various configuration information configuring processes, varioussignal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding/decoding,modulation/demodulation, and resource mapping/demapping), and resourceallocating processes, for transmitting/receiving radio signals, may beperformed based on the various proposals of the various embodiments ofthe present disclosure.

4.2.1 Example of Wireless Devices to which Various Embodiments of thePresent Disclosure are Applied

FIG. 27 illustrates exemplary wireless devices to which variousembodiments of the present disclosure are applicable.

Referring to FIG. 27 , a first wireless device 100 and a second wirelessdevice 200 may transmit radio signals through a variety of RATs (e.g.,LTE and NR). Herein, {the first wireless device 100 and the secondwireless device 200} may correspond to {the wireless device 100 x andthe BS 200} and/or {the wireless device 100 x and the wireless device100 x} of FIG. 26 .

The first wireless device 100 may include one or more processors 102 andone or more memories 104 and additionally further include one or moretransceivers 106 and/or one or more antennas 108. The processor(s) 102may control the memory(s) 104 and/or the transceiver(s) 106 and may beconfigured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures,proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in thisdocument. For example, the processor(s) 102 may process informationwithin the memory(s) 104 to generate first information/signals and thentransmit radio signals including the first information/signals throughthe transceiver(s) 106. The processor(s) 102 may receive radio signalsincluding second information/signals through the transceiver 106 andthen store information obtained by processing the secondinformation/signals in the memory(s) 104. The memory(s) 104 may beconnected to the processor(s) 102 and may store a variety of informationrelated to operations of the processor(s) 102. For example, thememory(s) 104 may store software code including commands for performinga part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s) 102or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals,methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.Herein, the processor(s) 102 and the memory(s) 104 may be a part of acommunication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE orNR). The transceiver(s) 106 may be connected to the processor(s) 102 andtransmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas 108.Each of the transceiver(s) 106 may include a transmitter and/or areceiver. The transceiver(s) 106 may be interchangeably used with RadioFrequency (RF) unit(s). In the various embodiments of the presentdisclosure, the wireless device may represent a communicationmodem/circuit/chip.

The second wireless device 200 may include one or more processors 202and one or more memories 204 and additionally further include one ormore transceivers 206 and/or one or more antennas 208. The processor(s)202 may control the memory(s) 204 and/or the transceiver(s) 206 and maybe configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures,proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in thisdocument. For example, the processor(s) 202 may process informationwithin the memory(s) 204 to generate third information/signals and thentransmit radio signals including the third information/signals throughthe transceiver(s) 206. The processor(s) 202 may receive radio signalsincluding fourth information/signals through the transceiver(s) 106 andthen store information obtained by processing the fourthinformation/signals in the memory(s) 204. The memory(s) 204 may beconnected to the processor(s) 202 and may store a variety of informationrelated to operations of the processor(s) 202. For example, thememory(s) 204 may store software code including commands for performinga part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s) 202or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals,methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.Herein, the processor(s) 202 and the memory(s) 204 may be a part of acommunication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE orNR). The transceiver(s) 206 may be connected to the processor(s) 202 andtransmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas 208.Each of the transceiver(s) 206 may include a transmitter and/or areceiver. The transceiver(s) 206 may be interchangeably used with RFunit(s). In the various embodiments of the present disclosure, thewireless device may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip.

Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless devices 100 and 200 willbe described more specifically. One or more protocol layers may beimplemented by, without being limited to, one or more processors 102 and202. For example, the one or more processors 102 and 202 may implementone or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP,RRC, and SDAP). The one or more processors 102 and 202 may generate oneor more Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and/or one or more Service Data Unit(SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals,methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. Theone or more processors 102 and 202 may generate messages, controlinformation, data, or information according to the descriptions,functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowchartsdisclosed in this document. The one or more processors 102 and 202 maygenerate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs,messages, control information, data, or information according to thedescriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/oroperational flowcharts disclosed in this document and provide thegenerated signals to the one or more transceivers 106 and 206. The oneor more processors 102 and 202 may receive the signals (e.g., basebandsignals) from the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 and acquire thePDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or informationaccording to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals,methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.

The one or more processors 102 and 202 may be referred to ascontrollers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or microcomputers. Theone or more processors 102 and 202 may be implemented by hardware,firmware, software, or a combination thereof. As an example, one or moreApplication Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), one or more DigitalSignal Processors (DSPs), one or more Digital Signal Processing Devices(DSPDs), one or more Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), or one or moreField Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) may be included in the one ormore processors 102 and 202. The descriptions, functions, procedures,proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in thisdocument may be implemented using firmware or software and the firmwareor software may be configured to include the modules, procedures, orfunctions. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions,functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowchartsdisclosed in this document may be included in the one or more processors102 and 202 or stored in the one or more memories 104 and 204 so as tobe driven by the one or more processors 102 and 202. The descriptions,functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowchartsdisclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or softwarein the form of code, commands, and/or a set of commands.

The one or more memories 104 and 204 may be connected to the one or moreprocessors 102 and 202 and store various types of data, signals,messages, information, programs, code, instructions, and/or commands.The one or more memories 104 and 204 may be configured by Read-OnlyMemories (ROMs), Random Access Memories (RAMs), Electrically ErasableProgrammable Read-Only Memories (EPROMs), flash memories, hard drives,registers, cash memories, computer-readable storage media, and/orcombinations thereof. The one or more memories 104 and 204 may belocated at the interior and/or exterior of the one or more processors102 and 202. The one or more memories 104 and 204 may be connected tothe one or more processors 102 and 202 through various technologies suchas wired or wireless connection.

The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may transmit user data, controlinformation, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the methodsand/or operational flowcharts of this document, to one or more otherdevices. The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may receive user data,control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in thedescriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/oroperational flowcharts disclosed in this document, from one or moreother devices. For example, the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 maybe connected to the one or more processors 102 and 202 and transmit andreceive radio signals. For example, the one or more processors 102 and202 may perform control so that the one or more transceivers 106 and 206may transmit user data, control information, or radio signals to one ormore other devices. The one or more processors 102 and 202 may performcontrol so that the one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may receiveuser data, control information, or radio signals from one or more otherdevices. The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may be connected tothe one or more antennas 108 and 208 and the one or more transceivers106 and 206 may be configured to transmit and receive user data, controlinformation, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in thedescriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/oroperational flowcharts disclosed in this document, through the one ormore antennas 108 and 208. In this document, the one or more antennasmay be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logicalantennas (e.g., antenna ports). The one or more transceivers 106 and 206may convert received radio signals/channels etc. from RF band signalsinto baseband signals in order to process received user data, controlinformation, radio signals/channels, etc. using the one or moreprocessors 102 and 202. The one or more transceivers 106 and 206 mayconvert the user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc.processed using the one or more processors 102 and 202 from the baseband signals into the RF band signals. To this end, the one or moretransceivers 106 and 206 may include (analog) oscillators and/orfilters.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, one or morememories (e.g., 104 or 204) may store instructions or programs which,when executed, cause one or more processors operably coupled to the oneor more memories to perform operations according to various embodimentsor implementations of the present disclosure.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, acomputer-readable storage medium may store one or more instructions orcomputer programs which, when executed by one or more processors, causethe one or more processors to perform operations according to variousembodiments or implementations of the present disclosure.

According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a processingdevice or apparatus may include one or more processors and one or morecomputer memories connected to the one or more processors. The one ormore computer memories may store instructions or programs which, whenexecuted, cause the one or more processors operably coupled to the oneor more memories to perform operations according to various embodimentsor implementations of the present disclosure.

4.2.2. Example of Using Wireless Devices to which Various Embodiments ofthe Present Disclosure are Applied

FIG. 28 illustrates other exemplary wireless devices to which variousembodiments of the present disclosure are applied. The wireless devicesmay be implemented in various forms according to a use case/service (seeFIG. 26 ).

Referring to FIG. 28 , wireless devices 100 and 200 may correspond tothe wireless devices 100 and 200 of FIG. 27 and may be configured byvarious elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules. Forexample, each of the wireless devices 100 and 200 may include acommunication unit 110, a control unit 120, a memory unit 130, andadditional components 140. The communication unit may include acommunication circuit 112 and transceiver(s) 114. For example, thecommunication circuit 112 may include the one or more processors 102 and202 and/or the one or more memories 104 and 204 of FIG. 27 . Forexample, the transceiver(s) 114 may include the one or more transceivers106 and 206 and/or the one or more antennas 108 and 208 of FIG. 27 . Thecontrol unit 120 is electrically connected to the communication unit110, the memory 130, and the additional components 140 and controlsoverall operation of the wireless devices. For example, the control unit120 may control an electric/mechanical operation of the wireless devicebased on programs/code/commands/information stored in the memory unit130. The control unit 120 may transmit the information stored in thememory unit 130 to the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) viathe communication unit 110 through a wireless/wired interface or store,in the memory unit 130, information received through the wireless/wiredinterface from the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) via thecommunication unit 110.

The additional components 140 may be variously configured according totypes of wireless devices. For example, the additional components 140may include at least one of a power unit/battery, input/output (I/O)unit, a driving unit, and a computing unit. The wireless device may beimplemented in the form of, without being limited to, the robot (100 aof FIG. 26 ), the vehicles (100 b-1 and 100 b-2 of FIG. 26 ), the XRdevice (100 c of FIG. 26 ), the hand-held device (100 d of FIG. 26 ),the home appliance (100 e of FIG. 26 ), the IoT device (100 f of FIG. 26), a digital broadcast terminal, a hologram device, a public safetydevice, an MTC device, a medicine device, a fintech device (or a financedevice), a security device, a climate/environment device, the AIserver/device (400 of FIG. 26 ), the BSs (200 of FIG. 26 ), a networknode, etc. The wireless device may be used in a mobile or fixed placeaccording to a use-example/service.

In FIG. 28 , the entirety of the various elements, components,units/portions, and/or modules in the wireless devices 100 and 200 maybe connected to each other through a wired interface or at least a partthereof may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit 110.For example, in each of the wireless devices 100 and 200, the controlunit 120 and the communication unit 110 may be connected by wire and thecontrol unit 120 and first units (e.g., 130 and 140) may be wirelesslyconnected through the communication unit 110. Each element, component,unit/portion, and/or module within the wireless devices 100 and 200 mayfurther include one or more elements. For example, the control unit 120may be configured by a set of one or more processors. As an example, thecontrol unit 120 may be configured by a set of a communication controlprocessor, an application processor, an Electronic Control Unit (ECU), agraphical processing unit, and a memory control processor. As anotherexample, the memory 130 may be configured by a Random Access Memory(RAM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Read Only Memory (ROM)), a flash memory,a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, and/or a combination thereof.

Hereinafter, an example of implementing FIG. 28 will be described indetail with reference to the drawings.

4.2.3. Example of Portable Device to which Various Embodiments of thePresent Disclosure are Applied

FIG. 29 illustrates an exemplary portable device to which variousembodiments of the present disclosure are applied. The portable devicemay be any of a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., asmartwatch or smart glasses), and a portable computer (e.g., a laptop).A portable device may also be referred to as mobile station (MS), userterminal (UT), mobile subscriber station (MSS), subscriber station (SS),advanced mobile station (AMS), or wireless terminal (WT).

Referring to FIG. 29 , a hand-held device 100 may include an antennaunit 108, a communication unit 110, a control unit 120, a memory unit130, a power supply unit 140 a, an interface unit 140 b, and an I/O unit140 c. The antenna unit 108 may be configured as a part of thecommunication unit 110. Blocks 110 to 130/140 a to 140 c correspond tothe blocks 110 to 130/140 of FIG. 28 , respectively.

The communication unit 110 may transmit and receive signals (e.g., dataand control signals) to and from other wireless devices or BSs. Thecontrol unit 120 may perform various operations by controllingconstituent elements of the hand-held device 100. The control unit 120may include an Application Processor (AP). The memory unit 130 may storedata/parameters/programs/code/commands needed to drive the hand-helddevice 100. The memory unit 130 may store input/output data/information.The power supply unit 140 a may supply power to the hand-held device 100and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. Theinterface unit 140 b may support connection of the hand-held device 100to other external devices. The interface unit 140 b may include variousports (e.g., an audio I/O port and a video I/O port) for connection withexternal devices. The I/O unit 140 c may input or output videoinformation/signals, audio information/signals, data, and/or informationinput by a user. The I/O unit 140 c may include a camera, a microphone,a user input unit, a display unit 140 d, a speaker, and/or a hapticmodule.

As an example, in the case of data communication, the I/O unit 140 c mayacquire information/signals (e.g., touch, text, voice, images, or video)input by a user and the acquired information/signals may be stored inthe memory unit 130. The communication unit 110 may convert theinformation/signals stored in the memory into radio signals and transmitthe converted radio signals to other wireless devices directly or to aBS. The communication unit 110 may receive radio signals from otherwireless devices or the BS and then restore the received radio signalsinto original information/signals. The restored information/signals maybe stored in the memory unit 130 and may be output as various types(e.g., text, voice, images, video, or haptic) through the I/O unit 140c.

4.2.4. Example of Vehicle or Autonomous Driving Vehicle to which VariousEmbodiments of the Present Disclosure are Applied

FIG. 30 illustrates an exemplary vehicle or autonomous driving vehicleto which various embodiments of the present disclosure. The vehicle orautonomous driving vehicle may be implemented as a mobile robot, a car,a train, a manned/unmanned aerial vehicle (AV), a ship, or the like.

Referring to FIG. 30 , a vehicle or autonomous driving vehicle 100 mayinclude an antenna unit 108, a communication unit 110, a control unit120, a driving unit 140 a, a power supply unit 140 b, a sensor unit 140c, and an autonomous driving unit 140 d. The antenna unit 108 may beconfigured as a part of the communication unit 110. The blocks110/130/140 a to 140 d correspond to the blocks 110/130/140 of FIG. 28 ,respectively.

The communication unit 110 may transmit and receive signals (e.g., dataand control signals) to and from external devices such as othervehicles, BSs (e.g., gNBs and road side units), and servers. The controlunit 120 may perform various operations by controlling elements of thevehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle 100. The control unit 120 mayinclude an Electronic Control Unit (ECU). The driving unit 140 a maycause the vehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle 100 to drive on aroad. The driving unit 140 a may include an engine, a motor, apowertrain, a wheel, a brake, a steering device, etc. The power supplyunit 140 b may supply power to the vehicle or the autonomous drivingvehicle 100 and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery,etc. The sensor unit 140 c may acquire a vehicle state, ambientenvironment information, user information, etc. The sensor unit 140 cmay include an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensor, a collisionsensor, a wheel sensor, a speed sensor, a slope sensor, a weight sensor,a heading sensor, a position module, a vehicle forward/backward sensor,a battery sensor, a fuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, atemperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, anillumination sensor, a pedal position sensor, etc. The autonomousdriving unit 140 d may implement technology for maintaining a lane onwhich a vehicle is driving, technology for automatically adjustingspeed, such as adaptive cruise control, technology for autonomouslydriving along a determined path, technology for driving by automaticallysetting a path if a destination is set, and the like.

For example, the communication unit 110 may receive map data, trafficinformation data, etc. from an external server. The autonomous drivingunit 140 d may generate an autonomous driving path and a driving planfrom the obtained data. The control unit 120 may control the drivingunit 140 a such that the vehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle 100may move along the autonomous driving path according to the driving plan(e.g., speed/direction control). In the middle of autonomous driving,the communication unit 110 may aperiodically/periodically acquire recenttraffic information data from the external server and acquiresurrounding traffic information data from neighboring vehicles. In themiddle of autonomous driving, the sensor unit 140 c may obtain a vehiclestate and/or surrounding environment information. The autonomous drivingunit 140 d may update the autonomous driving path and the driving planbased on the newly obtained data/information. The communication unit 110may transfer information about a vehicle position, the autonomousdriving path, and/or the driving plan to the external server. Theexternal server may predict traffic information data using AItechnology, etc., based on the information collected from vehicles orautonomous driving vehicles and provide the predicted trafficinformation data to the vehicles or the autonomous driving vehicles.

4.2.5. Example of AR/VR and Vehicle to which Various Embodiments of thePresent Disclosure are Applied

FIG. 31 illustrates an exemplary vehicle to which various embodiments ofthe present disclosure are applied. The vehicle may be implemented as atransportation means, a train, an aircraft, a ship, or the like.

Referring to FIG. 31 , a vehicle 100 may include a communication unit110, a control unit 120, a memory unit 130, an I/O unit 140 a, and apositioning unit 140 b. Herein, the blocks 110 to 130/140 a and 140 bcorrespond to blocks 110 to 130/140 of FIG. 28 .

The communication unit 110 may transmit and receive signals (e.g., dataand control signals) to and from external devices such as other vehiclesor BSs. The control unit 120 may perform various operations bycontrolling constituent elements of the vehicle 100. The memory unit 130may store data/parameters/programs/code/commands for supporting variousfunctions of the vehicle 100. The I/O unit 140 a may output an AR/VRobject based on information within the memory unit 130. The I/O unit 140a may include an HUD. The positioning unit 140 b may acquire informationabout the position of the vehicle 100. The position information mayinclude information about an absolute position of the vehicle 100,information about the position of the vehicle 100 within a travelinglane, acceleration information, and information about the position ofthe vehicle 100 from a neighboring vehicle. The positioning unit 140 bmay include a GPS and various sensors.

As an example, the communication unit 110 of the vehicle 100 may receivemap information and traffic information from an external server andstore the received information in the memory unit 130. The positioningunit 140 b may obtain the vehicle position information through the GPSand various sensors and store the obtained information in the memoryunit 130. The control unit 120 may generate a virtual object based onthe map information, traffic information, and vehicle positioninformation and the I/O unit 140 a may display the generated virtualobject in a window in the vehicle (1410 and 1420). The control unit 120may determine whether the vehicle 100 normally drives within a travelinglane, based on the vehicle position information. If the vehicle 100abnormally exits from the traveling lane, the control unit 120 maydisplay a warning on the window in the vehicle through the I/O unit 140a. In addition, the control unit 120 may broadcast a warning messageregarding driving abnormity to neighboring vehicles through thecommunication unit 110. According to situation, the control unit 120 maytransmit the vehicle position information and the information aboutdriving/vehicle abnormality to related organizations.

In summary, various embodiments of the present disclosure may beimplemented through a certain device and/or UE.

For example, the certain device may be any of a BS, a network node, atransmitting UE, a receiving UE, a wireless device, a wirelesscommunication device, a vehicle, a vehicle equipped with an autonomousdriving function, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), an artificialintelligence (AI) module, a robot, an augmented reality (AR) device, avirtual reality (VR) device, and other devices.

For example, a UE may be any of a personal digital assistant (PDA), acellular phone, a personal communication service (PCS) phone, a globalsystem for mobile (GSM) phone, a wideband CDMA (WCDMA) phone, a mobilebroadband system (MBS) phone, a smartphone, and a multi-mode multi-band(MM-MB) terminal.

A smartphone refers to a terminal taking the advantages of both a mobilecommunication terminal and a PDA, which is achieved by integrating adata communication function being the function of a PDA, such asscheduling, fax transmission and reception, and Internet connection in amobile communication terminal. Further, an MM-MB terminal refers to aterminal which has a built-in multi-modem chip and thus is operable inall of a portable Internet system and other mobile communication system(e.g., CDMA 2000, WCDMA, and so on).

Alternatively, the UE may be any of a laptop PC, a hand-held PC, atablet PC, an ultrabook, a slate PC, a digital broadcasting terminal, aportable multimedia player (PMP), a navigator, and a wearable devicesuch as a smartwatch, smart glasses, and a head mounted display (HMD).For example, a UAV may be an unmanned aerial vehicle that flies underthe control of a wireless control signal. For example, an HMD may be adisplay device worn around the head. For example, the HMD may be used toimplement AR or VR.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented invarious means. For example, various embodiments of the presentdisclosure may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or acombination thereof.

In a hardware configuration, the methods according to exemplaryembodiments of the present disclosure may be achieved by one or moreApplication Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Digital SignalProcessors (DSPs), Digital Signal Processing Devices (DSPDs),Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGAs), processors, controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors,etc.

In a firmware or software configuration, the methods according to thevarious embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in theform of a module, a procedure, a function, etc. performing theabove-described functions or operations. A software code may be storedin the memory 50 or 150 and executed by the processor 40 or 140. Thememory is located at the interior or exterior of the processor and maytransmit and receive data to and from the processor via various knownmeans.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various embodiments ofthe present disclosure may be carried out in other specific ways thanthose set forth herein without departing from the spirit and essentialcharacteristics of the various embodiments of the present disclosure.The above embodiments are therefore to be construed in all aspects asillustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the disclosure should bedetermined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, not bythe above description, and all changes coming within the meaning andequivalency range of the appended claims are intended to be embracedtherein. It is obvious to those skilled in the art that claims that arenot explicitly cited in each other in the appended claims may bepresented in combination as an embodiment of the present disclosure orincluded as a new claim by a subsequent amendment after the applicationis filed.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The various embodiments of present disclosure are applicable to variouswireless access systems. Examples of the various wireless access systemsinclude a 3GPP system or a 3GPP2 system. Besides these wireless accesssystems, the various embodiments of the present disclosure areapplicable to all technical fields in which the wireless access systemsfind their applications. Moreover, the proposed methods are alsoapplicable to an mmWave communication system using an ultra-highfrequency band.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method performed by a user equipment (UE)in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: receiving asynchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) blockcomprising a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondarysynchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH);receiving system information based on the SS/PBCH block; after thereception of the system information: receiving information related to apositioning reference signal (PRS) sequence identifier (ID); receiving aPRS related to the PRS sequence ID; performing measurements based on thePRS; and reporting a result of the measurements, wherein a pseudo-randomsequence generator related to sequence generation of the PRS isinitialized according to the following equation:${\left. {c_{init} = {\left( {{2^{{31} - {({M - 10})}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{K \cdot \ n_{s}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2 \cdot N_{ID}^{RS}}{mod}1024} \right)} + 1} \right) + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}1024}}} \right){mod}\ 2^{31}},$where M is a natural number, K is a number of orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) symbols per slot, n_(s) is a slot index, lis an OFDM symbol index within a slot, N^(RS) _(ID) is the PRS sequenceID, and mod is a modular operation.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereinN^(RS) _(ID) is configured by a higher layer, and wherein the followingrelationship: N^(RS) _(ID) ∈{0, 1, . . . , 2¹⁹⁻¹} is satisfied.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein M is a natural number greater than 10 andsmaller than
 31. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein M is
 19. 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein a sequence of the PRS satisfies a valueobtained from a predetermined length-31 Gold sequence.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising receiving configuration informationcomprising: (i) information on a PRS resource; (ii) information on a PRSresource set including the PRS resource; and (iii) information on atransmission and reception point (TRP) ID, wherein the PRS is receivedbased on the configuration information.
 7. An apparatus configured tooperate in a wireless communication system, the apparatus comprising: atransceiver; and at least one processor coupled with the transceiver,wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receive asynchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) blockcomprising a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondarysynchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH);receive system information based on the SS/PBCH block; after thereception of the system information: receive information related to apositioning reference signal (PRS) sequence identifier (ID); and receivea PRS related to the PRS sequence ID, and wherein a pseudo-randomsequence generator related to sequence generation of the PRS isinitialized according to the following equation:${c_{init} = {\left( {{2^{{31} - {({M - {10}})}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{K \cdot n_{s}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2 \cdot \left( {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024} \right)} + 1} \right)} + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}\ 1024}} \right){mod}\ 2^{31}}},$where M is a natural number, K is a number of orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) symbols per slot, n_(s) is a slot index, lis an OFDM symbol index within a slot N^(RS) _(ID) is the PRS sequenceID, and mod is a modular operation, and wherein M is
 19. 8. Theapparatus of claim 7, wherein N^(RS) _(ID) is configured by a higherlayer, and wherein the following relationship: N^(RS) _(ID) ∈{0, 1, . .. , 2¹⁹⁻¹} is satisfied.
 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein M is 19.10. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein a sequence of the PRS satisfies avalue obtained from a predetermined length-31 Gold sequence.
 11. Theapparatus of claim 7, wherein the apparatus is configured to communicatewith at least one of a mobile terminal, a network, or an autonomousdriving vehicle other than a vehicle including the apparatus.
 12. Amethod performed by an apparatus in a wireless communication system, themethod comprising: transmitting a synchronization signal/physicalbroadcast channel (SS/PBCH) block comprising a primary synchronizationsignal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physicalbroadcast channel (PBCH); transmitting system information after thetransmission of the SS/PBCH block; after the transmission of the systeminformation: transmitting information related to a positioning referencesignal (PRS) sequence identifier (ID); transmitting a PRS related to thePRS sequence ID; and receiving a result of measurements related to thePRS, wherein a pseudo-random sequence generator related to sequencegeneration of the PRS is initialized according to the followingequation:${\left. {c_{init} = {\left( {{2^{31 - {({M - {10}})}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{K \cdot n_{s}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2 \cdot N_{ID}^{RS}}{mod}1024} \right)} + 1} \right) + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}1024}}} \right){mod}\ 2^{31}},$where M is a natural number, K is a number of orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) symbols per slot, n_(s) is a slot index, lis an OFDM symbol index within a slot, N^(RS) _(ID) the PRS sequence ID,and mod is a modular operation.
 13. An apparatus configured to operatein a wireless communication system, the apparatus comprising: atransceiver; and at least one processor coupled with the transceiver,wherein the at least one processor is configured to: transmit asynchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) blockcomprising a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondarysynchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH);transmit system information after the transmission of the SS/PBCH block;after the transmission of the system information: transmit informationrelated to a positioning reference signal (PRS) sequence identifier(ID); transmit a PRS related to the PRS sequence ID; and receiving aresult of measurements related to the PRS, wherein a pseudo-randomsequence generator related to sequence generation of the PRS isinitialized according to the following equation:$\left. {\left. {c_{init} = {{2^{{31} - {({M - 10}}}\left\lfloor \frac{N_{ID}^{RS}}{2^{10}} \right\rfloor} + {2^{10}\left( {{K \cdot n_{s}} + l + 1} \right)\left( {{2 \cdot N_{ID}^{RS}}{mod}1024} \right)} + 1}} \right) + {N_{ID}^{RS}{mod}1024}} \right){mod}\ {2^{31}.}$where M is a natural number, K is a number of orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) symbols per slot, n_(s) is a slot index, lis an OFDM symbol index within a slot, N^(RS) _(ID) is the PRS sequenceID, and mod is a modular operation.